Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of fear, apprehension, and dread. It extends to related ideas such as causing fear, being feared, and the state of being afraid. It also encompasses related concepts like caution, vigilance, and even specific objects or places associated with fear.

The root خيف (kh-y-f) primarily relates to variations in color, appearance, and form, particularly in eyes and animals. It extends to concepts of difference, mixture, and unevenness, and also denotes specific geographical locations and types of containers or coverings.

This root appears to relate to the concept of finishing off or bringing something to an end, particularly in the context of combat or death. It also has a less common association with a specific type of death and a masculine attribute.

This root primarily describes the act of moving forward rapidly, often used for animals like camels. It also relates to the concept of speed and swiftness.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being large, bulky, or immense, particularly when describing animals like camels. It conveys a sense of significant size and imposing stature.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being a messenger or envoy, often with a connotation of seeking something or carrying out a mission. It also extends to the idea of sustenance derived from such activities, and metaphorically to wine.

This root appears to relate to concepts of foolishness, weakness, or being slow, particularly in the context of offspring or progeny. It also touches upon the idea of extracting or separating something from its core.

The root 'دغف' primarily relates to taking or acquiring something in large quantities. It can also describe the intense effect of heat, and a specific epithet is associated with foolishness.

This root appears to relate to agitation, excitement, or a state of being stirred up. It is also associated with specific terms for effeminate men and the excitement of the uvula.

The root 'دلف' primarily relates to slow, deliberate, and measured movement, often implying a steady advance or approach. It can also describe a heavy or burdened gait, and metaphorically, a gradual progression or coming closer. The root extends to describe individuals or things characterized by this slow, steady movement.

This root pertains to stealthy movement, specifically walking in a hidden or disguised manner, often with the intention of theft or to conceal oneself.

This root primarily concerns severe illness, often to the point of near-death. It also extends metaphorically to describe something nearing its end or becoming yellowed, like the setting sun.

This root primarily concerns the act of taking something in large quantities. It also extends to describe something or someone that is exhausted or weary, particularly from prolonged effort or travel.

The root دوف (d-w-f) primarily relates to the act of mixing, blending, or moistening substances, particularly in the context of perfumes, medicines, or liquids. It can also refer to a place name.

This root primarily relates to the concept of mixing or blending. It also encompasses geographical locations and descriptive terms for large animals.

This root primarily concerns the concept of hastening death or a swift end. It extends to the idea of finishing off a wounded person quickly and also refers to a fast-acting poison.

This root primarily describes the act of moving forward rapidly, often in a determined or unhindered manner. It can apply to animals, particularly camels, and also to humans, especially in the context of combat or swift action.

This root primarily concerns swift, deadly poison and the rapid, fatal effects it has. It extends to the concept of something being deadly or rapidly fatal, often associated with poison or a quick death.

This root primarily concerns concepts of ease, availability, and speed. It extends to meanings of swiftness in movement, quickness in action, and the finality of dispatching someone or something. It also encompasses notions of scarcity, particularly regarding water, and can refer to lethal poison.

This root primarily describes the physical characteristic of a short, small, or upturned nose. It extends to related concepts of beauty and physical description, and metaphorically to easily traversable terrain.

This root appears to describe the act of approaching stealthily or furtively, often with the intention of stealing. It emphasizes a hidden or concealed manner of movement.

This root primarily describes a specific manner of walking characterized by a wide gait and closeness of the feet. It also extends to the meaning of mixing or blending, and refers to a potent or deadly poison.

This root primarily concerns the concept of potent poison, often described as deadly or fatal. It also extends to the idea of mixing or adulterating something, particularly in a context related to poison.

This root primarily concerns the concept of mercy, compassion, and tenderness. It denotes a deep, often intense, form of mercy, distinguishing it from general compassion. The root also describes God's attribute of being merciful and compassionate towards His creation.

The root 'رجف' primarily denotes intense shaking, trembling, and violent disturbance. This applies to physical phenomena like earthquakes and wind-shaken trees, as well as internal states like a trembling heart due to fear. It also extends to metaphorical disturbances, such as the spread of bad news or the upheaval of war.

This root primarily relates to the act of sharpening or making something thin and sharp, particularly blades. It extends to the resulting sharpness and thinness of an object.

The root رخف (rakhifa) primarily relates to a state of being loose, relaxed, or watery. It describes the consistency of dough, liquids, and even thinness in materials like mud or fabric. It can also refer to a type of butter or a specific dye.

The root ردف (r-d-f) primarily denotes following, succeeding, or being behind something or someone. This concept extends to physical following, riding behind, and metaphorical succession or accompaniment, as well as parts of the body and poetic or astronomical terms.

This root describes the act of animals, particularly camels, moving forward rapidly and resolutely. It conveys a sense of determined and unhindered progression.

This root primarily relates to the concept of approaching or drawing near. It also encompasses the idea of hastening or moving quickly, often applied to animals like camels or to the sound of clouds.

This root primarily describes the manner of walking, specifically the gait of someone or something bound or restricted, often implying a slow, heavy, or dragging movement. It can also refer to the act of driving animals that are tethered or restrained.

This root primarily concerns the act of sipping or sucking liquids, particularly water, with the lips. It extends to related concepts like the remaining water in a trough, the manner of drinking, and metaphorically, to kissing or intimate contact.

The root رصف primarily relates to the concept of joining, aligning, and arranging things closely together. This includes physical objects like stones, as well as abstract concepts like arrangement and firmness. It also extends to meanings related to the construction of structures and the binding or securing of objects.

This root primarily concerns heated stones, particularly those used for cooking or heating liquids. It extends to the act of cauterizing with such stones and describes things cooked or heated by them. Figuratively, it can refer to intense heat, hardship, or even a specific type of bone in the knee.

The root رعف (ra'afa) primarily denotes the concept of preceding, advancing, or being first. This extends to the idea of something coming out or flowing ahead, such as blood from the nose, or a horse leading a race. It can also refer to a prominent or protruding part, like the tip of a nose or a rock on a well.

This root primarily relates to the act of gathering, clumping, or forming something into a mass, particularly with hands. It extends to concepts of feeding or offering food, and metaphorically to intense focus or staring.

The root 'رفف' primarily denotes concepts of shining, sparkling, and shimmering, often associated with light or moisture. It extends to meanings of trembling, fluttering, and rapid movement, particularly of wings or eyelashes. Additionally, it encompasses actions related to tasting, sipping, eating, and providing sustenance.

This root primarily relates to shivering or trembling, particularly due to cold. It also encompasses a sense of rapid movement or fluttering.

This root primarily describes the act of falling and settling, particularly in the context of snow or other substances. It conveys a sense of immobility and firmness after descent.

The root رنف primarily relates to soft, hanging, or drooping parts, particularly of the body (like the earlobe or buttocks) and also describes a specific type of plant. It can also denote a specific gait or movement of an animal, especially a camel or camel-like creature.

The root رهف (r-h-f) primarily denotes qualities of fineness, thinness, and delicacy. This applies to physical objects like blades and bodies, as well as abstract concepts like gentleness and subtlety in speech. It can also refer to a state of being refined or sharpened.

This root primarily relates to the concept of dwelling, settling, and residing. It also encompasses the semantic field of mercy and compassion, often linked to the divine attribute of being merciful.

This root primarily concerns fertile, well-watered land, often associated with settled life, agriculture, and abundance of food. It extends to the concept of prosperity and the act of settling in such lands, contrasting with a nomadic or barren existence.

This root primarily concerns the concept of hastening, urging, or bringing something to a swift conclusion, often with a negative or fatalistic connotation. It extends to ideas of being overwhelmed or incapacitated by a burden.

The root زحف (zaḥafa) primarily denotes slow, creeping, or dragging movement, often associated with armies advancing, children crawling, or the movement of reptiles. It can also signify exhaustion, particularly of animals, and has specific applications in prosody and describing natural phenomena.

This root primarily deals with the concept of sliding, slipping, or moving along a surface, often in a downward direction. It also extends to the idea of moving away, deviating, or declining, particularly in the context of the sun setting or a person moving from a forbidden act.

This root appears to relate to grasping or taking something with fingers, and also to boasting or being proud. The connection between these meanings is not explicitly clear from the provided text.

This root primarily concerns adornment, decoration, and embellishment, often with a connotation of artificiality or falsehood. It extends to the idea of making something appear beautiful or complete, including the beautification of speech, plants, and even ships.