Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root كرس (k-r-s) primarily relates to the concept of accumulation, piling up, and solidity. This extends to physical layering, such as in building foundations, accumulated dung, or stacked books. It also encompasses concepts of firmness, origin, and a seat of authority or knowledge.

This root primarily refers to a type of cloth, specifically cotton fabric, and its associated terms. It also extends to describe the seller of this fabric and, in a less common usage, a wine decanter.

This root primarily relates to a type of herb, celery, and also describes a specific manner of walking or movement, particularly when restricted or entangled.

This root primarily deals with concepts of repetition, being restricted or confined, and a specific type of rolling or tumbling motion. It also describes individuals of mixed or questionable lineage, often implying a lack of noble ancestry.

This root primarily describes a physical condition of the jaw and teeth where the upper jaw or teeth are shorter than the lower, leading to an underbite. It also extends to concepts of breaking, crushing, and dried meat, as well as a type of wine and a specific linguistic phenomenon.

This root primarily relates to bones, specifically the small bones in joints like knuckles or finger joints. It also extends to describe a specific type of gait, characterized by speed and closeness of steps, or a slow run.

This root appears to describe a specific type of physical deviation or crookedness, particularly in the feet. It is associated with a condition where the foot turns inward.

The root كلس primarily relates to a type of plaster or whitewash, often compared to gypsum or lime. It extends to the act of applying this material, and metaphorically to covering or coating something. It also has a less common meaning related to carrying a burden or becoming fearful.

This root appears to relate to the concept of going or departing. The primary derived form discussed is a verb indicating movement away.

This root primarily relates to places and locations, particularly in a poetic context. It also extends to a technical, medical term for digested food, possibly of foreign origin.

The root كنس primarily relates to sweeping, clearing away debris, and the act of hiding or withdrawing into a place of concealment. This extends to the concept of a lair or dwelling for animals, and metaphorically to celestial bodies that appear to withdraw or hide in their orbits. It also encompasses derived terms for places associated with these actions and objects used for sweeping.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of bird, the magpie, and possibly its characteristics. It is also used metaphorically to describe something as vile or wicked.

The root كهمس primarily relates to shortness or being stout, and is used to describe people, animals, and even lions. It also appears as a proper name associated with a historical figure and a tribe.

This root primarily describes forms of locomotion involving imbalance or unevenness, such as limping or moving on fewer than the usual number of limbs. It extends to concepts of crowding, accumulation, and being overwhelmed, both physically and metaphorically. It also encompasses actions of forceful inversion and specific objects or phenomena related to these ideas.

The root كيس (k-y-s) primarily relates to intelligence, quick-wittedness, and shrewdness. It extends to concepts of refinement, good manners, and cleverness in action. Figuratively, it can also refer to a pouch or bag, and in specific contexts, to sexual intercourse or the desire for offspring.

This root primarily describes a state of uncleanness, specifically related to fingernails. It also extends to the act of scavenging or consuming undesirable things, often driven by greed or desperation.

The root لبس (l-b-s) primarily concerns the act of wearing clothing and the garments themselves. It extends metaphorically to concepts of covering, mixing, confusion, and entanglement, both in abstract matters and in physical phenomena.

This root primarily concerns the act of licking or lapping with the tongue. It extends to meanings of consuming or taking things greedily, and by extension, to being keenly perceptive or a swift taker. It also describes harsh conditions or times that consume everything.

The root لدس primarily relates to striking or hitting, often with an object. It extends to concepts of being heavily laden or filled, particularly with flesh in the case of a she-camel. It also encompasses actions related to repairing or reinforcing footwear and, metaphorically, to strong sexual intercourse.

The root لسس primarily relates to the act of eating, consuming, or picking at something, often with the tongue or mouth. It extends to the early growth of plants, particularly young shoots that are easily consumed, and also describes light-footed or agile individuals and skilled porters. Some derived terms relate to chains or segmented objects.

This root primarily concerns the act of striking, hitting, or pounding with a broad or heavy object. It extends to concepts of crushing, trampling, and the tools used for such actions, like large stones or heavy mallets.

This root primarily describes a dark hue, particularly on lips and gums, often considered attractive. It extends to describe a dark or dusky complexion and, metaphorically, intense eating or greed, and even a place name.

This root primarily relates to the concept of rapid consumption or eating, often with a sense of eagerness or greed. It extends to descriptions of animals known for their voracity, specific types of plants, and food that is undercooked or raw.

This root primarily relates to harshness, difficulty, and stubbornness. It describes a difficult or unyielding nature, often in a negative or unpleasant sense.

The root لمس (l-m-s) primarily relates to the physical act of touching, often with the hand, for exploration or contact. It extends metaphorically to sexual intercourse, seeking, and perception, with specific derived forms denoting different nuances of these actions.

This root primarily relates to the action of licking or lapping, often with a sense of eagerness or greed, particularly concerning food or drink. It also extends to the idea of being greedy or competitive for sustenance.

This root primarily concerns the act of tasting, often with a connotation of seeking out or enjoying pleasant tastes, particularly sweets. It also extends to the idea of obtaining or reaching something, and in a less common usage, refers to strong individuals.

This root primarily deals with concepts of negation, exception, and permanence. It extends to meanings of steadfastness, courage, and endurance, often in challenging situations. It also encompasses the grammatical function of negation and exception.

This root primarily concerns the concept of corruption, فساد, and causing discord or mischief among people. It also extends to describing someone who is heedless, stubborn, or flighty.

This root primarily deals with the concept of diamonds, their properties, and their use in cutting and engraving precious stones. It also touches upon the etymology and linguistic classification of the word 'diamond'.

This root appears to be a variant or dialectal form of the root مطس, primarily related to the concept of touching, feeling, or probing, especially in a gentle or exploratory manner. It also carries a sense of deception or trickery.

This root primarily concerns the Zoroastrian religion and its followers, referred to as Magians. It also extends to the act of converting someone to this faith and a metaphorical extension to those who hold dualistic beliefs.

This root relates to the process of tanning and treating leather. It specifically describes a skilled tanner and the action of working with hides.

This root primarily concerns the action of rubbing, stroking, or massaging something, often with the intention of smoothing or softening it. It can also extend to the idea of inserting or introducing something stealthily.

This root entry is very brief and refers to a variant spelling of another word. It does not introduce new semantic content related to the root itself.

The root مرس (marsa) primarily relates to the concepts of practice, intense handling, and thorough experience. It extends to meanings of rubbing, manipulation, and enduring hardship, as well as physical entanglement and the act of soaking. The root also encompasses terms for endurance, resilience, and specific types of ropes and mechanical issues with pulleys.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of stone used in wells and, by extension, to the act of throwing or casting such a stone. It also carries a metaphorical sense of being thrown into a difficult situation.

This root primarily concerns the act of touching, feeling, or reaching something with the hand. It extends to concepts of contact, connection, and interaction, including sexual intercourse. Metaphorically, it can refer to affliction, madness, or a pressing need.

This root primarily concerns the act of striking or hitting, often with a hand or a similar forceful action. It can also extend to the idea of throwing something forcefully, particularly something unpleasant.

The root معس primarily relates to the physical actions of rubbing, massaging, or working something vigorously. This extends to meanings of being bold or brave in battle, the process of softening and preparing leather, and general movement or agitation. It also includes a sexual connotation.

This root primarily relates to sharp, cutting pain, particularly in the abdomen. It also extends to the act of piercing or stabbing, and metaphorically to a mixture or confusion of elements.

This root primarily relates to feelings of aversion, disgust, and revulsion. It also extends to meanings of going into something, submerging, and wandering.

This root primarily concerns the act of collecting taxes, tolls, or dues, often implying a reduction or taking a portion. It extends to the concept of reducing prices in trade and can also refer to a deficiency or loss.

This root primarily relates to the concept of clothing and covering, encompassing the act of wearing, the garments themselves, and related actions like dressing and undressing. It also extends to metaphorical uses of covering or concealing.

This root appears to be related to the concept of fire, specifically its intense heat or burning nature. It is also associated with a specific name for fire, possibly of foreign origin.

This root relates to activity, energy, and vigor. It also extends to the concept of maturity or being well-established, particularly in relation to age or condition.

This root primarily relates to lightness, flightiness, and a lack of adherence to advice. It also extends to a specific veterinary practice of clearing a mare's womb and to the instrument used for shaving, with significant discussion on the etymology and grammatical treatment of the name Moses.