Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root جعد (ja'ada) primarily relates to the concept of being curly, contracted, or compact, often applied to hair, physical build, or even texture. It can also denote qualities like being strong, dense, or even stingy, depending on the context and specific derived form.

This root primarily relates to the skin, hide, or covering of something. It extends to concepts of toughness, endurance, and even the act of stripping or flaying. Derived meanings also include geographical locations and personal names.

This root describes someone who is large, stout, and physically imposing. It emphasizes a sense of bulkiness and thickness in build.

This root primarily describes a state of lying down, reclining, or being stretched out, often implying a lack of movement or effort. It can also extend to describe a person who is incapable or useless.

This root primarily refers to a specific idol worshipped during the pre-Islamic era. It appears to be a proper noun for a deity.

This root primarily describes something or someone as solid, strong, tough, and unyielding. It extends to concepts of being large, old, or lying prostrate and immobile, often in a strong or imposing manner.

This root primarily denotes hardness, solidity, and large, heavy objects, particularly rocks and stones. It extends to concepts of large, dense groups of animals and, metaphorically, to burdens or weight.

This root appears to relate to concepts of wickedness, depravity, and potentially a proper name. The primary derived term describes a wicked or depraved person, while another refers to a historical king of Oman.

This root appears to relate to the concept of stones or rocks being gathered or collected together. It is presented as a variant or correction of another root, suggesting a focus on the collective aspect of stones.

The root جند (j-n-d) primarily relates to groups of people, particularly soldiers or armies. It extends to concepts of support, collective entities, and even specific geographical locations, especially cities and regions in ancient Syria and Yemen.

The root جهد (j-h-d) primarily concerns effort, exertion, and striving. It extends to concepts of capacity, energy, hardship, and reaching one's limit. Derived meanings also include scarcity, intense desire, and in specific contexts, flat or barren land, and fighting.

This root primarily concerns the neck, particularly the graceful and long neck of a woman. It extends to descriptions of beauty and elegance associated with the neck, and also refers to specific geographical locations in Mecca.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of staying, remaining, and being firmly established in a place. It extends to the idea of an enduring source, like a spring that doesn't cease, and metaphorically to inherent nature, origin, and pure, chosen essence.

This root primarily concerns the concept of setting boundaries, limits, or definitions. It extends to meanings of sharpness, intensity, and determination, as well as actions related to restricting, preventing, or mourning.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of milk product, possibly curdled or thickened. The primary mention is in the context of 'laban hadbad', describing a particular consistency.

This root entry is extremely brief and focuses on a single proper noun derived from a specific verb pattern. It discusses the pattern 'fa'alala' (فعلل) and its application to doubled roots, noting that 'ḥadrad' is an exception as a man's name.

This root appears to be very limited in its usage, primarily referring to noble or excellent camels. Its derived forms are scarce and seem to be confined to specific classical contexts.

This root appears to relate to a knot or constriction, specifically in the throat or tongue. It also extends to describe excellent or noble she-camels.

This root primarily describes thick, black mud or sediment, often found in water bodies. It can also extend to meanings related to stubbornness or deep involvement in a matter.

This root appears to be a variant or dialectal form of another root, specifically related to harvesting or reaping. It is presented as a linguistic variation rather than a distinct semantic field.

This root primarily concerns the emotion of envy, specifically wishing for the demise or transfer of another person's blessings, fortune, or virtues. It also touches upon related concepts like coveting and the act of envying.

The root حصد (ḥaṣada) primarily relates to the act of harvesting crops, cutting down plants, and reaping. It extends metaphorically to killing, destruction, and the gathering of fruits or produce. The root also encompasses related concepts like the time of harvest, tools used for harvesting, and the resulting harvested material.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of speed, haste, and swiftness, particularly in the context of work, service, and movement. It extends to meanings of serving, assisting, and supporting, and also encompasses terms related to offspring, descendants, and close relatives, as well as physical objects like containers and parts of a saddle.

This root appears to relate to specific types of plants or botanical terms. It is primarily used to denote a particular kind of plant.

This root appears to describe a stingy or miserly person. It is associated with someone who is reluctant to share and behaves rudely or offensively towards others, particularly when it comes to wealth or possessions.

This root primarily concerns the concept of harboring malice, resentment, or hatred in one's heart. It extends to the idea of waiting for an opportunity to act on this animosity, as well as the state of being unable to produce or yield something, particularly in the context of mining or rain.

This root primarily describes a person characterized by sinfulness, ill-temper, stinginess, and malice. It encompasses the concepts of being sinful, wicked, miserly, and harboring hatred or enmity.

This root primarily relates to concepts of origin, foundation, and a place of refuge or dwelling. It also extends to notions of steadfastness, commitment, and the consequences of actions, particularly in relation to one's origins or commitments.

This root appears to describe someone or something characterized by unpleasantness, specifically in terms of disposition and demeanor. It conveys a sense of being ill-tempered, heavy, or burdensome.

This root appears to relate to the concept of residue, specifically concerning water that has become turbid or stagnant. It describes the dregs or sediment left behind in a container or body of water.

This root appears to relate to concepts of water, specifically springs or water sources, and also to descriptive terms for geographical features like sand dunes or ropes. It also includes a proper name derived from one of these terms.

This root primarily relates to the concept of visiting, returning, or attending to something repeatedly or intermittently. It describes the act of coming and going, or checking on something over time.

This root describes fullness, plumpness, and robust physical build, particularly in women and animals. It also extends to concepts of completeness and solidity.

This root primarily describes a young, untouched woman, emphasizing her virginity, shyness, and quiet demeanor. It extends to the concept of silence itself, particularly when stemming from modesty or humility, and also refers to an unpierced pearl.

This root appears to relate to staying or residing in one's home. The derived forms specifically denote someone who is settled or stationary in their dwelling.

The root خضد primarily denotes the breaking or snapping of something, especially when it is soft or moist, without it being completely severed. It extends to meanings of eating vigorously, causing pain or weakness, and removing thorns from plants.

This root primarily relates to speed and swiftness in movement, particularly in walking. It also extends to concepts of premature birth or expulsion of offspring, and figuratively to feigning pregnancy. Some derived terms refer to specific animals or places.

The root خلد (kh-l-d) primarily denotes permanence, lastingness, and eternity. It extends to concepts of remaining in a place, enduring, and immortality, often associated with the afterlife. It can also refer to things that last a long time, like mountains or rocks, and metaphorically to people who age without showing signs of aging.

The root خمد (khmd) primarily denotes a state of subsiding, quieting down, or becoming dormant, often related to fire, heat, or intense activity. It can extend to a cessation of life or movement, implying stillness and inactivity.

The root 'خود' primarily relates to the concept of a young, beautiful girl. It also extends to describe rapid, vigorous movement, particularly of animals like camels and ostriches, and by extension, humans.

This root appears to be of Persian origin, adopted into Arabic. It is primarily associated with the meaning of something moist or wet, specifically referring to a type of moist date.