Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes the concept of wideness, broadness, and spaciousness. It is applied to geographical features like plains and locations, as well as to people, particularly women, described as wide or broad.

This root appears to relate to the concept of money, specifically coins, and also to the act of shouting or making noise. The derived terms describe coins and the act of vocalization.

This root primarily relates to intense heat and its effects, causing pain, suffering, or even melting. It extends to concepts of roughness, hardness, and intensity in various contexts, including physical attributes, terrain, and even medical treatment. The root also encompasses terms for unpleasant odors and specific types of individuals or places.

This root primarily denotes hardness, intensity, and excellence. It is used to describe solid, strong things, intense sounds, and the finest or purest of something. It can also refer to something that has reached maturity or ripeness.

This root appears to be primarily used to denote a specific lineage or tribe of Arabs, particularly a branch of the Murād tribe. It is also associated with a proper name derived from this lineage.

This root primarily concerns loud vocalizations, cries, and shouts, often implying intensity or distress. It extends to encompass sudden calamities, destruction, and even the physical cracking or drying of objects.

The root ضبح (ḍabaḥa) primarily relates to the effects of heat or fire, such as scorching or charring. It also extends to sounds made by animals, particularly the panting or barking of dogs, foxes, and horses, and can describe a change in color due to heat or exposure.

This root primarily concerns the concept of sunlight, its intensity, and its effects. It extends to describe things exposed to the sun, the brightness of daylight, and by extension, abundance and vastness. It also encompasses the meaning of water, particularly shallow water, and the shimmering of heat haze.

This root primarily concerns diluted or watery milk, often achieved by adding water and mixing. It extends to the act of diluting, giving such a drink, and metaphorically to scarcity or emptiness, particularly of land. It also appears in expressions related to abundance and in a specific geographical term.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being stout or corpulent, specifically describing a person or animal as being fat or plump.

The root 'طرح' primarily deals with the concept of throwing, casting, or projecting something. This extends to meanings of discarding, setting aside, or abandoning. It also encompasses ideas of distance, remoteness, and things being far away, as well as the act of proposing or presenting something, like a problem or question.

This root appears to relate to a state of relaxation or looseness, possibly in a physical sense. It is presented with some uncertainty regarding its authenticity and usage among reliable sources.

The root طرمح (ṭarmaḥa) primarily relates to height, elevation, and being tall. It can describe physical elevation of structures or land, as well as metaphorical elevation in status or renown. It also extends to descriptions of physical stature and pride.

The root طفح (ṭ-f-ḥ) primarily denotes the concept of overflowing, filling up, and rising to the point of spilling over. It extends to meanings of being full, abundant, and even running or moving swiftly, as well as being covered or spread over.

This root primarily relates to concepts of corruption, decay, and exhaustion, particularly in the context of animals becoming weary from travel. It also extends to meanings of being deficient, failing, or being harmed. Additionally, it encompasses a specific tree species and related geographical locations, as well as a term for a type of tick or parasite.

This root primarily relates to concepts of emptiness, exhaustion, and thinness or flatness. It describes a state of being hollow, weary, or a thin, spread-out substance, often in a negative or depleted sense.

The root طمح (ṭamaḥa) primarily denotes reaching upwards, extending, or looking towards something with desire or ambition. It extends to concepts of arrogance, pride, and exceeding limits, both physically and metaphorically, including actions like looking intently, leaping, or even urinating forcefully.

This root primarily describes the state of being fat, plump, or well-nourished, particularly in reference to animals like camels. It can also imply a sense of abundance or fullness.

This root primarily concerns concepts of perishing, destruction, and being lost or cast about. It extends to meanings of aimless wandering, throwing something away, and being thrown or cast.

This root primarily concerns concepts of perishing, destruction, and going astray. It extends to the idea of something being lost, ruined, or scattered, and by extension, a person who is lost or on the verge of ruin.

This root primarily relates to the hissing or sibilant sound made by snakes, often described as a puffing or rustling noise. It extends to related concepts like blowing, murmuring, or a hoarse sound in the throat, and can also refer to a talkative person or a specific river.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being burdened, weighed down, or overwhelmed by something significant, such as a heavy responsibility, debt, or a grave event. It implies a state of being incapacitated or severely challenged by such a load.

This root appears to describe a specific, awkward, or unsteady posture, particularly related to animals. It is associated with a camel's posture when preparing to urinate, suggesting a lack of stability or a splayed stance.

This root primarily concerns the emotion of joy, happiness, and delight. It also extends to related concepts like exuberance, boastfulness, and contentment. In some contexts, it can also signify being burdened or weighed down, particularly by debt or responsibilities.

This root appears to relate to concepts of spaciousness and width, particularly concerning land. It also touches upon the idea of rapid, close-together movements, specifically in the context of leaping.

This root primarily describes concepts related to spreading out, widening, or stretching, often in a physical sense. It can refer to large or wide things, a relaxed or splayed posture, or even a type of cloud or land.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being wide, broad, or flattened. It describes things that are spread out or have a wide surface, often in a somewhat unrefined or coarse manner.

This root appears to describe a smooth, level, or barren type of land. It may also relate to a state of being smooth or barren.

This root describes a physical characteristic related to the posterior, specifically the spacing of the buttocks and the protrusion of the anus. It is used to describe a person with such a feature.

This root primarily denotes spaciousness, wideness, and roominess. It extends to concepts of making space, being open-minded, and even physical attributes related to wideness. It can also refer to the act of widening or expanding.

This root primarily describes the act of spreading or widening, particularly the legs or a gap. It can refer to a physical widening or a more general sense of opening up.

This root primarily concerns eloquence, clarity, and distinctness in speech and expression. It extends to the idea of being articulate, fluent, and understandable, contrasting with being mute or unclear. It also encompasses concepts of clarity in other domains, such as the weather or the state of milk.

This root primarily concerns the act of revealing, exposing, or making something known, often in a negative or shameful context. It extends to the idea of becoming apparent, especially with the onset of dawn, and can also describe colors that are striking or pale.

The root 'فطح' primarily relates to the concept of wideness or breadth, particularly in the context of a head or a flat object. It extends to describe a broad head shape, the act of flattening or widening something, and by extension, certain animals and even abstract concepts like war.

The root فلح (f-l-ḥ) primarily relates to success, prosperity, and survival, often in the context of achieving one's goals or attaining eternal bliss. It also extends to the physical act of splitting or cutting, particularly in relation to agriculture and the lips, and can refer to a farmer or a type of black fig.

This root primarily describes the concept of being wide, broad, or flattened. It is applied to physical objects like heads, loaves of bread, and even shoes, indicating a stretched or expanded form. It can also refer to a place.

This root primarily concerns the act of splitting, cleaving, or opening something, often with a sense of force or thoroughness. It extends to concepts of revealing, distinguishing, and even the initial stages of growth or emergence.

This root primarily relates to the act of drinking, specifically a moderate or partial intake of water. It also extends to describing an animal or person that drinks a lot.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being wide, broad, or expansive, particularly in reference to the forehead or head. It can also describe a wide or open space.

This root primarily concerns the spreading and diffusion of pleasant scents, particularly from perfumes or incense. It also extends to the intensity and heat of the sun, and metaphorically to the peak or most intense part of something, like menstruation.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of intense heat, spreading, and abundance. It extends to the idea of flowing or pouring, particularly of blood or liquids, and also describes spaciousness and generosity.

The root قبح (q-b-ḥ) primarily denotes ugliness, deformity, and repulsiveness, both physically and morally. It extends to concepts of being repelled, cursed, or driven away, and also has specific anatomical and idiomatic uses.

This root primarily denotes purity, essence, and unadulterated nature. It is applied to people, lineage, and abstract concepts, signifying something original, unmixed, and fundamental. It can also describe something raw or unripe.

This root primarily relates to sounds in the throat, specifically a throat-clearing sound or a dry cough, and is also used to describe the sound of a monkey's laugh. It also denotes a specific anatomical region of the pelvis and surrounding bones.

This root primarily relates to the act of insulting, reviling, or verbally abusing someone. It encompasses the concept of mutual verbal aggression and the act of cursing or slandering.