Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to concepts of being mature, having a mark or blemish, and purity or being unmixed. It extends to descriptions of land, water, and even specific places and types of plants and animals.

This root primarily relates to concepts of submission, yielding, and enduring hardship or humiliation. It also has a secondary meaning related to a type of cloth and a large, bulky object.

This root primarily describes unattractive or short women, but also extends to a type of garment worn by Bedouin women, a specific shrub with black seeds, a type of herb, and a horse's name.

The root قزح (q-z-ḥ) primarily relates to seasoning, flavoring, and adding spices to food. It extends to meanings of marking, coloring, and decorating, particularly with reference to the rainbow or 'bow of Qazah'. It also encompasses actions like urinating (especially by animals) and specific botanical or geographical terms.

This root primarily describes a state of rigidity, hardness, and dryness, often applied to physical objects or conditions. It can also refer to a prolonged or intense state of erection.

This root primarily describes a yellowish or dark discoloration and accumulation on teeth, often due to poor hygiene. It extends metaphorically to describe dirtiness, neglect, and even a state of being worn out or tested.

This root appears to describe the act of consuming or emptying something completely, particularly liquids from a container. It conveys a sense of thoroughness in drinking or finishing.

The root قمح (q-m-ḥ) primarily relates to the stage of grain ripening, specifically when the flour is forming within the ear. It also extends to concepts of rejection, particularly of water or drink, often associated with animals like camels lifting their heads in refusal. This refusal can also be metaphorically applied to humans in states of submission or distress.

This root primarily concerns the act of drinking, specifically drinking with reluctance or after being satiated, and also relates to bending or shaping objects, particularly wood, for structural or functional purposes.

This root primarily relates to the concept of cleaning, sweeping, or clearing, particularly in the context of a dwelling. It also extends to geographical locations and the state of a wound.

This root primarily concerns pus, a thick, yellowish or greenish fluid produced by the body during inflammation or infection. It extends to related concepts like the discharge from a wound, and metaphorically to stubbornness or the core/center of something.

The root كبح (kabaḥa) primarily denotes the act of restraining, holding back, or checking, especially with a rein. It extends to preventing something from proceeding or advancing, whether it's an animal, a person's desire, or even an object like an arrow. The concept also includes a specific type of blow and a term for an omen.

This root primarily describes a light abrasion or impact that leaves a mark without deep injury. It extends to the idea of being affected by wind-blown particles, consuming vegetation, or eating until satisfied.

This root primarily describes the action of wind uncovering or exposing something, often by blowing away dust or debris. It can also refer to the act of revealing oneself or one's private parts, and metaphorically, to gathering and dispersing wealth.

This root primarily relates to the concept of purity, essence, or being unadulterated. It extends to describe something or someone of pure lineage or true nature, and also has a specific, less common meaning related to a toothless individual.

This root primarily describes extreme old age and infirmity, particularly in animals like camels, cattle, and sheep. It denotes a state of being worn out, toothless, and unable to control bodily functions like saliva.

The root كدح (k-d-ḥ) primarily denotes strenuous effort, toil, and hard work, often involving physical exertion or hardship. It extends to meanings of scratching, marking, or damaging, particularly the skin, and can also refer to earning or acquiring something through such effort. The concept can apply to worldly pursuits or spiritual striving.

This root appears to be related to the concept of being struck or affected by something, particularly the wind. It is presented as a variant or synonym of another root, indicating a less common or perhaps dialectal usage.

This root appears to relate to specific locations or places, possibly associated with religious gatherings or natural features. It also touches upon anatomical terms related to the throat.

This root describes a specific type of gait or running, particularly associated with certain animals like donkeys and mules. It denotes a gait that is faster than a walk but slower than a gallop, often characterized by a particular manner of movement.

This root primarily relates to actions of forceful impact, throwing down, and rapid movement. It can describe physically overpowering someone or moving with great speed.

This root primarily describes forms of rapid, short-paced, or stumbling movement, often associated with small or short individuals. It also extends to meanings of falling, rolling, and being submissive or diminished.

This root describes a specific type of slow, heavy, or stumbling gait. It denotes a gait that is not swift or agile, implying difficulty or reluctance in movement.

The root كسح (k-s-ḥ) primarily relates to sweeping, cleaning, and gathering. It extends to concepts of taking everything, leaving nothing behind, and also to physical ailments causing immobility or dragging of limbs, particularly in the legs.

The root كشح primarily relates to the flank or side of the body, specifically the area between the waist and the ribs. It extends to encompass concepts of harboring hidden feelings, particularly animosity, and also refers to a specific ailment affecting this body part.

This root primarily concerns the concept of direct confrontation, facing, meeting, and striking, often with the face or front of something. It extends to meanings of defense, resistance, and even intimate contact like kissing.

This root primarily describes a facial expression of grimacing or frowning, often associated with showing teeth due to distress, pain, or anger. It also extends to meanings related to harsh or lean times, such as a drought year, and can describe a severe or harsh situation.

This root appears to describe a specific manner of walking or movement. It also extends to describe a person as foolish or unintelligent.

This root appears to describe concepts related to hardness, toughness, and perhaps a slow or difficult gait. It also extends to describe an elderly woman, possibly implying a hardened or weathered appearance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of dust or fine earth. It appears to be a less common root with limited derived forms discussed in this entry.

This root appears to describe someone who is foolish or lacking in intelligence. The primary derived terms relate to the concept of being an idiot or simpleton.

This root appears to describe a person characterized by foolishness or lack of intelligence. The derived terms specifically denote someone who is considered an idiot or a simpleton.

This root pertains to the origin, source, or foundation of something. It signifies the fundamental substance or material from which something is derived or built.

This root primarily concerns the action of restraining or pulling back an animal, particularly a horse, using the reins. It extends to related concepts of holding the head high in pride or arrogance, and also describes physical characteristics like crowded teeth or large buttocks, and agricultural phenomena like a vine's readiness for pruning.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of overcoming, defeating, or overpowering someone, whether in combat, dispute, or general subjugation. It also extends to concepts of subduing, humbling, or bringing something under control, and in a related sense, to retracting or abandoning a course of action.

This root primarily describes the rugged, steep, and rough terrain of a mountain, particularly its sides, slopes, and elevated parts. It also extends to describe roughness and hardness in other contexts, such as teeth.

This root primarily relates to courage and bravery. It is used to describe a courageous person and is associated with a specific historical event or saying.

This root primarily describes striking or hitting, particularly the face or body with small, hard objects like pebbles, causing abrasion or injury. It also extends to concepts of hunger, keen perception, and intelligence.

This root describes cavities, hollows, or depressions, particularly those found in the ground, wells, or mountains. It can also refer to the act of closing or covering something, like the eye.

The root لحح primarily relates to sticking, adhering, or clinging, often due to illness, tears, or close kinship. It extends to concepts of persistence, stubbornness, and slowness, particularly in the context of requests, travel, or the movement of animals and clouds.

This root primarily concerns the act of striking or hitting, specifically with the hand. It is closely related to the concept of slapping, with some linguistic discussion suggesting a possible phonetic interchange between 'd' and 't' in related words.

This root appears to describe a specific physical sensation related to the mouth, particularly a lingering taste or moisture after eating certain fruits. It seems to focus on the involuntary or lingering aspect of this sensation.

This root primarily describes a type of striking or hitting, often with the open hand or a similar gentle but firm action. It can also refer to a light, dry residue that is rubbed off.

The root 'لفح' primarily denotes the action of heat or a burning touch, often affecting the face or body. It can also refer to a light strike with a sword or a specific type of plant. The root distinguishes between heat-related 'لفح' and cold-related 'نفح'.

This root primarily describes a type of striking or hitting, specifically with the hand. It is often compared to a jab or a poke, implying a forceful but perhaps less severe impact than a full punch. The action can be repeated or sustained.

This root primarily concerns the act of seeing or looking, often with a sense of quickness, subtlety, or briefness. It extends to related concepts like lightning, stars, and the discernible features of a face.