Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of length, duration, and extent. It extends to notions of superiority, power, wealth, and abundance, as well as the opposite, meaning futility or worthlessness. It also encompasses specific terms for a bird, a place, and a tribal division.

This root primarily concerns the concept of shade, shadow, and protection. It extends to notions of proximity, coolness, shelter, and even metaphorical concepts like divine protection, authority, and a sense of presence or being overshadowed.

The root 'عبل' primarily relates to being large, bulky, or thick. This extends to physical size in people and animals, as well as the thickness or robustness of objects like limbs, stones, and plant parts. It can also denote a state of being full or complete, or conversely, a state of loss or death.

This root appears to relate to remnants, residues, or lingering effects, particularly in the context of illness and love. It also seems to have a connection to the concept of being intelligent or wise, though this is less directly evident in the provided fragment.

The root عبهل (ʿabhala) primarily relates to the concept of leaving something unattended, neglected, or unrestrained. It describes a state of being unhindered, free to act as one pleases, and often implies a lack of supervision or control. This can apply to people, animals, or even the exercise of authority.

The root عتل (ʿtl) primarily denotes concepts of roughness, harshness, and forceful movement. It extends to describe tools used for forceful action, individuals characterized by coarseness or strength, and the act of dragging or pulling something forcefully.

The root عثل primarily relates to concepts of abundance, thickness, and coarseness. It extends to describe things that are plentiful, fleshy, or physically large and unwieldy. It also carries connotations of being slow, dull, or unrefined in character or physical form.

This root describes things that are large, bulky, or heavy. It extends to describe a person who is slow or heavy due to age or illness, and also refers to large containers.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a cluster or bunch, particularly of dates on a palm tree. It extends to meanings of adornment, heaviness, and abundance, often metaphorically.

The root عجل primarily relates to hastening, speed, and urgency. It also extends to meanings of young animals, particularly calves, and specific types of plants and geographical locations. The concept of 'young' or 'early' is also present.

The root 'عدل' primarily concerns the concept of balance, equity, justice, and straightness. It extends to notions of deviation, turning away, and returning. It also encompasses ideas of equivalence, compensation, and substitution, as well as the act of making something straight or upright.

This root primarily denotes something old, ancient, and often large or substantial. It is applied to aged beings, ancient trees, old wells, and even old, dry vegetation.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly non-standard, with only one derived term found in the provided text. It relates to a specific type of fast-moving camel.

This root primarily concerns the concept of blame, reproach, and criticism. It extends to the act of blaming, the person who blames, and the state of being blamed. It also has specialized meanings related to intense heat and specific months.

This root appears to describe something that is wide, broad, and expansive. It is primarily used in classical poetry to denote physical dimensions.

This root primarily deals with concepts of groups, particularly of people or animals moving together. It also extends to the idea of walking or marching, especially in large numbers.

This root describes something that is solid, strong, and unyielding. It emphasizes a robust and firm quality, often applied to physical objects or beings.

The root عرزل primarily relates to concepts of gathering, collecting, and forming a shelter or dwelling. It encompasses various types of nests, dens, small structures, and even collections of belongings or people.

This root primarily describes something that is excessively tall, long, or large. It can also refer to a robust or handsome young man, emphasizing a striking physical presence.

This root primarily concerns deviation from a straight course, crookedness, and obstruction. It extends to concepts of distortion in speech and action, as well as difficulties and severe problems.

This root appears to be related to the concept of being tangled, obstructed, or hindered. It describes a state of difficulty in movement or progress, often due to entanglement or a complex situation.

This root appears to describe something that is complete, well-formed, and strong. It is used to describe individuals or creatures that are fully developed and robust, as well as something that is solid and substantial.

The root عزل (ʿazala) primarily denotes the act of setting aside, separating, or removing something or someone from a position or place. This encompasses physical removal, political dismissal, and social distancing, as well as the concept of isolation and seclusion.

This root entry primarily discusses terms related to pigeons and their young, as well as descriptions of camels, horses, and people. It also touches upon the concept of neglect or being idle.

This root appears to relate to disordered or nonsensical speech. The primary derived terms describe a lack of coherence or system in language.

This root primarily relates to concepts of hardness, whiteness, and shimmering mirages. It also encompasses specific types of truffles and a prominent city in the Levant.

This root pertains to estimation, conjecture, and guessing. It describes someone who makes a guess or estimation and happens to be correct.

The root عصل (ʿaṣala) primarily denotes twisting, bending, or becoming crooked, often in conjunction with hardness or stiffness. This applies to physical objects like animal tails, arrows, and bones, as well as abstract concepts like crookedness in character or gait. It can also refer to a specific type of plant and, in a less common usage, to defecation.

The root عضل primarily denotes concepts of obstruction, difficulty, and tightness. It extends to physical attributes like muscularity and stoutness, as well as abstract notions of hardship, constraint, and severe illness. It also encompasses the act of withholding or preventing, particularly in marital contexts.

This root appears to relate to hardness, difficulty, or something being tough and unyielding. It is primarily used to describe solid or difficult matters, though its usage is noted as not firmly established.

This root appears to describe the act of sealing or closing the mouth of a container, specifically a bottle. It focuses on the physical closure of an opening.

This root describes something or someone as beautiful, well-formed, and notably tall, especially with a long neck. It is primarily used for women and gazelles, but can also describe men, emphasizing stature and a smooth, firm physique.

This root primarily denotes the concept of clinging, sticking together, or mounting, often in the context of sexual intercourse between animals. It extends to meanings of gathering, crowding, and even poetic techniques like embedding verses.

The root 'عفل' primarily describes physical growths or thickenings, particularly in the genital area of humans and animals. It can also refer to a specific type of plant, a measurement of fatness, or a peculiar manner of dress.

This root describes someone who is heavy, slow, and excessively talkative, often to the point of being nonsensical or foolish. It conveys a sense of burdensome speech and a lack of conciseness.

This root appears to describe something heavy, coarse, rough, or slow. It is applied to people, clothing, and even animals, suggesting a general sense of bulkiness, coarseness, or lack of refinement.

This root primarily deals with the concept of mixing or blending things together. It describes the act of confusing or intermingling different substances or elements.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly obscure, with its primary known meaning relating to foolishness or lack of intelligence. It is not widely attested in classical or modern Arabic dictionaries.

The root عقل primarily relates to intellect, understanding, and reason. It encompasses the act of thinking, comprehending, and the faculty of the mind. Derived forms often denote intelligence, wisdom, and the capacity for sound judgment.

This root primarily concerns remnants, residues, or after-effects, often negative, such as lingering illness, hatred, or severe hardships. It can also refer to small sores or pustules that appear after a fever.

The root عكل primarily relates to gathering, collecting, and binding. It extends to concepts of restraint, confinement, and obstruction. Figuratively, it encompasses confusion, complexity, and making a judgment or guess.

The root عكبل appears to be related to the concept of intensity or strength. It is primarily used to describe something as severe or strong, and also functions as a proper name.

This root primarily concerns the concept of drinking, specifically a second or subsequent drink after an initial one. It extends to concepts of repeated actions, sustenance, and by extension, illness or a cause for something.