Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root 'amthala' (عمثل) primarily describes slowness, heaviness, and large size, often associated with physical bulk or trailing garments. It can also refer to being robust, energetic, or having a long tail.

This root primarily relates to the clitoris and, by extension, to things that are large, thick, or robust. It also extends to a pestle and a thick bowstring.

This root primarily describes something as solid, strong, and severe. It is also used metaphorically to refer to the female genitalia, emphasizing its robustness or openness.

This root appears to be primarily associated with the hyena, specifically referring to it as a distinct entity or name. It does not seem to have broader semantic extensions in this entry.

This root primarily describes a state of extreme leanness or emaciation, particularly in an old person, where the bones become prominent. It also refers to a small creature whose exact nature is uncertain.

This root primarily relates to concepts of size, strength, and robustness, particularly in animals like camels and horses. It also extends to descriptions of physical stature and, metaphorically, to the sound and vocalizations of birds.

This root primarily describes a strong, fast, and robust she-camel. It is also linked to the swiftness and strength associated with a wolf.

This root primarily concerns a type of wild onion or leek, its properties, and derived products like vinegar. It also extends to geographical locations and metaphorical uses related to being lost.

This root appears to relate to the concept of slowness or a slow gait, and also to the dwelling of a spider.

This root appears to describe something solid, firm, or unyielding. It is primarily used to denote a strong and robust physical state.

This root primarily describes swiftness and excellence, particularly in relation to camels. It also extends to meanings of greatness, authority, and intensity, applying to both animals and abstract concepts like wind and kingship.

The root عول (ʿawl) primarily relates to deviation, inclination, and excess, often in the context of judgment, fairness, or emotional expression. It encompasses meanings of injustice, imbalance, and hardship, as well as intense vocalizations like crying and wailing, and reliance or dependence.

This root primarily describes a place that is densely overgrown with trees, particularly date palms. It conveys a sense of abundance and thick vegetation.

This root primarily describes things that are large, abundant, or expansive. It is applied to people, animals, clothing, and abstract concepts like livelihood and mercy, indicating a sense of fullness or generosity.

The root غرل primarily relates to the foreskin and the state of being uncircumcised. It extends to describe characteristics associated with youth, immaturity, or a lack of refinement, such as being soft, inexperienced, or having a relaxed disposition. It can also refer to fertile land or abundant living.

This root primarily concerns the action of sifting or straining, often with a sieve, to separate finer elements from coarser ones. It extends metaphorically to actions of selection, refinement, destruction, and dispersal, implying a process of separation or intense action.

This root primarily describes a state of corruption or spoilage, particularly concerning eggs and watermelons. It also has a specific meaning related to pouring water over someone's head.

This root primarily refers to the male genitalia, specifically a large or prominent penis. It can also denote the penis before circumcision and is sometimes used poetically to describe the penis of hoofed animals.

The root غزل primarily relates to the act of spinning thread, particularly from cotton or flax, using a spindle. It extends metaphorically to include lighthearted conversation, flirtation, and playful interaction, especially between young men and women. The root also encompasses terms for the young of certain animals, particularly gazelles, and has specific astronomical and botanical applications.

The root غسل primarily denotes the act of washing, cleansing, or purifying. It extends to the substances used for washing, the state of being washed, and places associated with washing. Figuratively, it can mean to cleanse from sin or to engage in sexual intercourse.

This root appears to relate to the action of agitating or stirring water. It is primarily used in a verbal sense to describe the act of making water turbulent.

This root primarily relates to the concept of abundance, lushness, and thick growth, particularly in vegetation. It describes trees that are dense with branches and foliage, implying a state of flourishing and vitality.

This root primarily concerns heedlessness, forgetfulness, and neglect. It extends to concepts of being unaware, unmindful, or leaving something unattended. Derivatives also describe states of being unbranded, unkempt, or lacking distinction, and can refer to specific body parts or abstract concepts.

The root غلل primarily relates to the concept of insertion, penetration, or encompassing, often with a negative connotation of being trapped or restricted. It extends to meanings of hidden things, internal processes, and also to the income or yield from something.

The root غمل primarily relates to processes of spoiling, corrupting, or damaging, often through neglect, over-processing, or covering. It extends to concepts of being hidden, obscured, or densely packed, and also encompasses terms for specific geographical features and plants.

This root appears to refer to a specific type of bird. However, its authenticity and usage are questioned.

This root appears to describe someone who is inactive, sluggish, or of low status. The derived terms suggest a lack of energy or ambition, leading to a state of being overlooked or insignificant.

This root appears to describe a type of wild animal, possibly a wild cat or fox, used for hunting. It also refers to the male organ of such an animal and, metaphorically, to an old, emaciated man.

The root 'ghawl' primarily relates to spirits or demons that can lead astray or cause harm, often associated with deserts and desolate places. It also extends to meanings of deception, destruction, and even specific types of desert plants and locations.

The root غيل (ghayl) primarily relates to concepts of milk, especially milk produced under specific circumstances, and by extension, to things that are abundant, full, or flowing. It also extends to meanings related to sexual intercourse during breastfeeding, and to natural phenomena like flowing water and dense vegetation.

This root primarily concerns flowing water, particularly surface water, and extends to concepts of abundance, hidden danger, deception, and assassination. It also encompasses terms for dense, leafy trees and, in a derived sense, refers to specific individuals and a type of tree.

This root primarily concerns the concept of an omen or augury, specifically a good omen (فأل) as opposed to a bad omen or superstition (طيرة). It explores the act of seeking or interpreting omens, and related terms for physical characteristics and a children's game.

The root فتل (f-t-l) primarily relates to twisting, coiling, and turning. It extends to concepts of deflection, distortion, and also describes specific physical objects and conditions resulting from twisting, such as ropes, wicks, and certain animal conditions.

This root primarily describes a state of being slow, dull, or tongue-tied. It conveys a sense of being unintelligent, clumsy, or lacking in eloquence, often in a physical or mental deficiency.

This root primarily relates to concepts of looseness, spreading, and a specific type of plant. It describes a relaxed or wide stance, a plant known for causing flatulence, and a slow, dragging gait.

The root 'فحل' primarily denotes the male of animals, especially in a strong, virile, or superior capacity. It extends to concepts of selecting, choosing, and excellence, particularly in breeding. Metaphorically, it signifies dominance, superiority, and intensity, applied to poets, situations, and even places.

This root appears to relate to concepts of distance, separation, and perhaps a specific type of person or object. The primary usage seems to be in poetic contexts expressing a desire for remoteness.

This root primarily concerns outward displays of dignity, composure, and readiness. It also describes a specific manner of walking characterized by a wide stance and speed, suggesting a confident and easy gait.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being large or bulky, though its usage is limited and some derivations are considered unreliable.

This root primarily denotes the young of a hyena, often referred to as a cub. It can also extend to the young of other animals like the jackal, and metaphorically describes someone who is very flirtatious or amorous.

This root primarily relates to the concept of hardness, firmness, and solidity, particularly in the context of land. It extends to describe land that is quick to flood when rain falls, implying a dense or impermeable surface.

This root primarily denotes baseness, meanness, and worthlessness, applying to people, objects, and actions. It also extends to the concept of young plants, specifically palm offshoots, and the act of taking them for transplanting. Additionally, it covers the idea of deception or falsification, particularly with currency.

This root primarily describes something or someone that comes last, is slow, or lags behind, particularly in the context of a race or competition. It extends to describe a person who is considered lowly or insignificant.