Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes the shape and curvature of horns, particularly those that are twisted, coiled, or bent. It can also refer to something being straight or upright, contrasting with the twisted meaning.

This root primarily describes forceful, violent, or tricky taking and holding, often in the context of wrestling or overcoming difficulties. It also extends to describe things that are twisted, difficult, or devious.

This root primarily relates to the upper parts of branches, specifically slender or young ones. It also extends to describe the shape of animal horns, particularly those that curve or twist.

This root primarily describes geographical features, specifically openings, crevices, or depressions in mountains and valleys. It also extends to a type of tree, animals, and specific parts of a saddle and a bird.

This root appears to relate to concepts of support, structure, and perhaps binding or covering. It encompasses terms for structural elements like pillars or nets, as well as items of clothing or covering used for carrying goods.

This root appears to describe someone or something that is clumsy, slow, or perhaps large and ungainly. The primary derived term relates to a specific type of gait or physical characteristic.

This root primarily describes qualities of teeth, such as their whiteness, brightness, sharpness, and coolness. It also extends to the coolness and pleasantness of the mouth and breath, and metaphorically to freshness and youth.

This root appears to describe something that is solid, strong, and severe. It is of Arabic origin and is used to denote a robust and unyielding quality.

This root appears to describe steep, water-containing cliffs or banks, and also refers to a person of tall and handsome build. It may also denote a specific location.

This root appears to describe something tall, perhaps with a negative connotation of being weak or incapable. It also extends to geographical features like mountain peaks.

This root primarily relates to the concept of height, length, and slenderness, often applied to branches, plants, or even animals and people. It can also extend to meanings of softness, weakness, or being unformed.

This root primarily describes an old, large woman, often with connotations of being aged or decrepit. It also extends to describe a specific anatomical feature of a palm tree.

The root شوب (sh-w-b) primarily denotes the concept of mixing, blending, or adulterating. This extends to meanings of confusion, deception, and even a type of diluted drink or a covering for a bottle. It can also refer to a specific type of tribal name or place.

This root appears to be related to specific, possibly rare, terms. The primary example provided is a name for a scorpion, derived from a specific linguistic pattern.

This root primarily concerns the concept of whiteness, especially the graying of hair with age. It extends to describe things that are white or appear white, such as snow-covered mountains, clouds, or even large dates. It also encompasses terms related to aging, specific months, and even names of places and tribes.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being full or satiated, particularly with liquids like water. It also extends to describe the small eggs of insects like fleas and lice, and in a more metaphorical sense, small, pearl-like droplets of frost.

This root primarily deals with the concept of pouring, flowing, or falling. It extends to meanings of destruction, disappearance, and depletion, as well as intensity in various contexts like heat, travel, and disagreement.

This root primarily concerns the concept of companionship, association, and accompanying someone or something. It extends to notions of following, adhering to, and even protection or prevention in certain contexts. The derivations cover various aspects of being a companion, the act of accompanying, and states related to association.

This root primarily concerns loud, chaotic noise, shouting, and clamor. It extends to describe the intensity and mixture of sounds, often associated with arguments or general commotion. Figuratively, it can describe turbulent water or the excited sounds of birds.

This root primarily relates to raised platforms or benches, often used for sitting or sleeping, and by extension, places where people gather. It also has a specific meaning related to flax fibers.

The root 'صعب' (ṣaʿb) primarily denotes difficulty, hardship, and ruggedness. It extends to describe things that are not easy to manage, control, or overcome, including difficult terrain, stubborn animals, and challenging situations. It can also be used metaphorically for things that are formidable or unyielding.

This root appears to describe something small or diminutive, particularly in relation to the head or size. It is primarily used to denote a small-headed person or animal.

This root primarily describes something small or pointed, particularly a small or pointed head. It extends to concepts of being constricted or gathered, and also refers to a specific place name.

This root primarily relates to the egg or nits of lice. It also appears to have a connection to the concept of being small or insignificant, possibly derived from the smallness of lice eggs.

This root primarily denotes closeness, proximity, and nearness. It extends to concepts of being tall, stout, and long, as well as the act of raising or supporting something. It also encompasses the idea of striking a solid object and the sound produced by a bird.

This root pertains to the concept of being tall or long, primarily describing men but also applicable to things in general.

This root primarily describes people of a specific complexion, particularly those who are fair or reddish-skinned. It also extends to describe animals with a voracious appetite, possibly due to a perceived association with the fair-skinned people.

The root صلب (ṣ-l-b) primarily denotes hardness, firmness, and rigidity. It extends to the backbone, signifying its structural strength, and also encompasses concepts of intensity, severity, and even the fatty substance derived from bones.

This root primarily relates to the concept of shape, form, and likeness, often associated with visual representation. It extends to notions of marking, branding, and even physical posture or rigidity. The root also encompasses terms for specific objects and locations that bear these characteristics.

This root primarily describes things that are tall, large, or strong. It is applied to men, buildings, and camels, indicating impressive stature or robustness. It also relates to a specific type of dye or sauce.

This root appears to describe something large, bulky, or imposing, particularly in reference to animals like camels. It conveys a sense of significant size and possibly strength.

The root صهب (ṣ-h-b) primarily relates to shades of reddish-brown or tawny color, particularly in hair, beards, and animal coats. It also extends to concepts of intensity, hardness, and specific locations or names.

The root 'صوب' primarily relates to descent, falling, and direction, often associated with rain. It extends to concepts of correctness, hitting a target, and lowering or directing something downwards. The root also encompasses notions of affliction and the act of finding or intending something.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of origin, essence, and the best or purest part of something. It extends to notions of lineage, selection, and hitting a target, particularly in the context of archery.

This root appears to relate to the concept of boldness, impetuosity, and perhaps a robust or stout physical build. It describes someone who plunges into affairs without hesitation and can also refer to a fat and strong animal, particularly a camel.

The root ضبب primarily relates to the concept of scattering, dispersing, or spreading out, often in the context of searching for something lost. It also extends to descriptions of physical characteristics like stoutness and boldness, and is used in various proper nouns.

This root primarily relates to striking or hitting something, particularly the ground. It also extends to the meaning of seizing or grasping something firmly.

The root ضهب (ḍhb) primarily relates to the application of heat, particularly to objects like weapons or food. It encompasses actions like heating, roasting, and charring, as well as descriptions of the resulting state or the places where such actions occur.

This root primarily discusses a creature, possibly a sea animal, and secondarily relates to the contents of a shell, specifically pearls resembling teardrops.