Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to concepts of speed, agility, and sometimes a restless or impatient haste. It can describe swift movement, a quick temperament, or even a state of being easily agitated and prone to rushing. It also extends to describe animals known for their speed, like ostriches and swift camels.

This root describes someone or something characterized by greed, particularly in eating. It is often used to denote a wolf due to its voracious nature, and can also refer to a large, wicked person.

This root primarily concerns the flowing or shedding of liquids, particularly tears and rain. It extends to the act of crying, the state of eyes that constantly tear up, and rain clouds. It also has less common meanings related to death and rapid action.

This root appears to relate to strength and robustness, specifically describing a strong man who is difficult to overcome. It is also used as a proper name, possibly of foreign origin.

This root primarily discusses a type of fruit from thorny trees, specifically the fruit of the Tanضب tree. It also extends to describe a foolish or stupid person, with some debate on its grammatical classification.

This root primarily describes something characterized by lightness, speed, and swiftness, often applied to movement, animals, and even people. It can also denote a lack of steadfastness or loyalty.

This root primarily describes a curvature, bending, or downward inclination, particularly of the neck. It extends to describe shortness, a stooped posture, and specific astronomical and zoological terms.

This root refers to a type of head covering or veil, specifically one worn by young women. It distinguishes between smaller and larger versions of this garment, with the larger one extending to cover the hands.

This root primarily concerns the act of vomiting, both voluntary and involuntary. It also extends to related concepts like expelling something from the throat, and metaphorically, to a state of distress or agitation.

This root primarily denotes fear, panic, and extreme anxiety, often leading to weakness or rashness. It also extends to meanings of eagerness, especially for evil, and can describe sounds associated with fear or distress. Additionally, it encompasses concepts of spaciousness, expansion, and flowing, particularly in relation to land and liquids.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being flat, level, or even, often in the context of the ground or a surface. It can also extend to meanings of being weak, insignificant, or even a place name.

This root primarily concerns the concept of pain, illness, and suffering. It encompasses physical ailments, the sensation of pain, and the act of causing pain. Derived terms describe those who are ill, the state of being ill, and actions related to inflicting or experiencing pain.

This root primarily concerns concepts of leaving, abandoning, and ceasing. It extends to notions of peace, tranquility, and rest, often in contrast to activity or disturbance. Derived meanings also include concepts of preservation, protection, and adornment, particularly with small shells.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of leaving, letting go, abandoning, and entrusting. It extends to meanings of peace, tranquility, farewell, and also encompasses specific terms for places, objects, and even idols.

This root appears to relate to the flowing or streaming of water. It also has a derived meaning referring to a specific type of flowing water or a source of water.

This root primarily concerns abstaining, refraining, and holding back. It extends to concepts of piety, caution, and even cowardice or weakness, stemming from the idea of being held back or restrained.

This root primarily concerns the concept of spaciousness, breadth, and abundance, extending to both physical and metaphorical dimensions. It encompasses ideas of capacity, wealth, generosity, and the opposite of constriction or difficulty. The root is frequently used in theological contexts to describe God's infinite attributes.

This root primarily relates to the concept of water, wells, and bodies of water. It also encompasses terms for places and geographical features, often associated with water sources.

This root primarily concerns small birds, specifically young or small sparrows or sparrow-like birds. It also extends to the sound a sparrow makes and, metaphorically, to a state of extreme humility. A less common usage relates to digging or scattering something on the ground.

This root primarily relates to covering, enclosing, or a raised/elevated area. It also extends to specific types of containers, cloths used for wiping, and materials for treating camels.

The root 'waqaʿa' primarily relates to striking, hitting, or falling. It extends to concepts of impact, inscription, sharpness, illness, and even specific geographical locations or tribal names, reflecting a broad semantic field of forceful contact or occurrence.

The root 'ولع' primarily relates to strong attachment, obsession, and persistence, often with a negative connotation of being overly engrossed or addicted. It also extends to meanings of lying, deception, and a state akin to madness or infatuation. Additionally, it encompasses terms for specific markings on animals and the early stage of fruit development.

This root appears to relate to specific types of gazelles and possibly a sudden movement or thrust. The primary derived terms focus on a mountain gazelle and a forceful push or surge.

This root appears to be related to the concept of something insignificant or lowly. It is noted as a Yamanite word, though its authenticity is questioned.

This root primarily concerns red dyes and substances, including specific plants and minerals. It also extends to the concept of obligating oneself to a religious duty, particularly pilgrimage, and includes place names and a horse's name.

This root primarily relates to young wild animals, hollow reeds, and things that are hollow or weak. It extends to meanings of cowardice, weakness, and small, flickering lights or insects.

This root primarily relates to the concept of encompassing, containing, or being sufficient. It also extends to names and specific winds.

This root primarily relates to the sounds and actions of children, specifically the calls they make when playing games involving throwing objects. It also touches upon the phonetic preferences in classical Arabic regarding the pronunciation of certain sounds, particularly the interplay of vowels.

This root primarily concerns elevated or high places, and by extension, things that are high or prominent. It also extends to the concept of a young person who is approaching maturity, and by metaphorical extension, to things that are advanced or dominant.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ripeness and maturity, especially for fruits. It extends to the idea of something becoming ready, mature, or fully developed, and metaphorically to redness or a state of being ready for harvest or completion.

This root primarily relates to places and specific historical events, particularly battles or significant locations associated with them. It also touches upon the concept of division or sharing, especially in the context of fate or spoils.

This root primarily describes the act of crawling or moving along the ground, specifically in a manner associated with defecation and soiling oneself. It also extends to metaphorical meanings of being stained by evil or having a defect.

This root primarily relates to the concept of saliva or drool, often associated with a state of luxury or pampered living. It also carries a secondary meaning of living a soft, comfortable, or pampered life.

This root describes a state of full, vigorous youth, characterized by its peak and prime. It encompasses the concept of youthful energy, exuberance, and the prime of life.

This root primarily concerns the act of emerging, appearing, or beginning to rise, especially for celestial bodies like the sun and moon. It also extends to the idea of making an initial cut or incision, particularly in a medical or veterinary context.

This root primarily deals with the concept of being smeared or stained, particularly with filth or excrement. It also extends to the meaning of being helped or supported in an endeavor.

This root primarily relates to sounds of gurgling or rumbling, often associated with water or animal noises. It also extends to descriptions of water sources and animals, particularly when they are plump or abundant.

This root primarily concerns dust, earth, and fine soil, often in the context of being airborne or loose. It extends metaphorically to describe low or foolish people and also relates to the concept of agitation, overpowering, or spreading.

This root primarily concerns the concept of something becoming agitated, overwhelming, or surging, particularly in relation to bodily fluids like blood, or abstract concepts like sleep or illness. It can also refer to a state of being agitated or stirred up, or a feeling of envy.

This root appears to relate to a thin, unsubstantial cloud or mist. It describes something that is not firm or stable, likely due to its ephemeral nature.

This root primarily relates to the imitation of sounds, particularly laughter, and also encompasses the idea of speech impediments or unclear articulation. It can also refer to the sound of jewelry.

This root primarily relates to perishing, destruction, and ruin. It can also imply being led to destruction or perishing.