Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to a thicket or dense growth, specifically of reeds. It also touches upon linguistic discussions regarding the origin of certain words, whether they stem from a weak root (waw or ya) or are to be taken at face value.

This root appears to relate to concepts of being slow, sluggish, or perhaps even foolish or ignorant, often in a negative or derogatory context. It is used to describe a person's disposition or state.

This root primarily relates to groups of people and the act of striking or throwing. It also extends to a state of not desiring food and is associated with a specific geographical location.

This root pertains to small, young palm trees. It specifically refers to the young shoots or saplings of date palms.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of tree and its properties, as well as the process of tanning leather using its fruit or leaves. It also describes places abundant with this tree.

This root primarily concerns a type of tree and its fruit, often associated with desert vegetation and animal fodder. It also extends to terms related to animal sounds and commands.

This root primarily relates to expressions of endearment and affection, particularly the phrase 'my father be your ransom'. It extends to concepts of leadership, origin, and sometimes to sounds or actions associated with these themes.

This root primarily deals with the concept of staying or residing in a place. It indicates a prolonged presence, often implying a settled or established state.

This root appears to primarily denote a specific location or place. The main headword, 'bathā', is identified as a known place, with a poetic example provided for context. The entry also references another lexicographer's placement of a related term within a different root, suggesting potential ambiguity or alternative classifications.

This root primarily concerns the concept of beginning, starting, initiating, or originating something. It also extends to the initial stages or parts of something, and in a specific derived form, refers to a type of fungus.

This root primarily concerns the semantic field of looking down upon, despising, or finding fault with something or someone. It extends to expressing disapproval, criticism, and even engaging in harsh or foul speech. The concept can also relate to disappointment when something doesn't meet expectations.

This root primarily concerns concepts of creation, health, and freedom from obligation or defect. It encompasses divine creation, recovery from illness, and disassociation from something.

This root primarily concerns the concept of becoming accustomed to, familiar with, or intimate with something or someone. It can also extend to meanings of becoming desensitized to something negative, or a lack of inhibition.

This root primarily concerns the concept of slowness, delay, and tardiness, contrasting with speed and haste. It encompasses various derived forms describing the state of being slow, the act of delaying, and the characteristic of slowness.

This root primarily concerns the concept of becoming accustomed to, familiar with, or finding comfort in something or someone. It extends to the idea of a tame or accustomed animal, particularly a camel. It also touches upon the meaning of being observant or noticing something, and in a less common usage, relates to emptying or damaging a house.

This root primarily relates to sounds of hesitation or repetition, and by extension, to certain types of movement and animal actions. It encompasses vocal hesitation, the sounds of animals, and specific gaits or behaviors.

This root appears to be related to the concept of treading or stepping, but its primary usage in this entry is metaphorical. It signifies acting unjustly or oppressively towards someone.

This root primarily relates to timing, opportune moments, and following closely behind. It also extends to meanings of becoming sharp, intense, or angry.

This root relates to leaning, resting, or supporting oneself. It often implies a physical act of support or a metaphorical reliance. The primary derived term refers to a cushion or pillow used for support.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of removing, stopping, or holding back. It extends to meanings of deterring, restraining, or causing hesitation, as well as actions like shooting or watering animals.

This root primarily relates to the breast and its anatomical features, specifically the nipple and the flesh around it. It also extends to a type of plant with specific characteristics and uses.

This root appears to describe heaviness, shortness, or a state of being stuck or submerged. It is primarily used to denote a heavy or short person, and by extension, potentially something that is submerged or difficult to move.

This root primarily relates to the concept of stepping or treading, often with a sense of heaviness or force. It also extends to meanings of foolishness and includes names for small creatures like spiders.

This root primarily relates to the concept of boiling or bubbling, specifically the breaking of a boil. It also extensively discusses a plant, mustard or cress, and its properties.

This root primarily concerns the act of mixing or mashing something, particularly food items like truffles or bread, often with fat or oil. It also extends to crushing or breaking things, and metaphorically to dyeing hair.

This root primarily relates to calling animals, especially camels, to water or to drink. It also extends to the chest area of birds and humans, and metaphorically to the front of a ship. Additionally, it encompasses meanings of hesitation, backing down, and boldness.

This root primarily concerns concepts of withdrawal, hesitation, and sudden emergence or appearance. It extends to descriptions of timid or unattractive individuals, as well as geological and botanical terms.

This root primarily concerns the concept of boldness, courage, and daring. It extends to related ideas like taking initiative, being forward, and even implies a sense of recklessness or presumption. Some derived terms also refer to specific anatomical parts, particularly in birds.

The root 'جزء' primarily relates to division, partitioning, and taking a portion or share of something. It extends to concepts of sufficiency, adequacy, and being a part of a whole, often in a numerical or proportional sense. The root also encompasses terms for specific parts of objects or abstract concepts.

This root primarily describes qualities of hardness, roughness, dryness, and coarseness. It applies to physical objects like land and plants, as well as to living beings and their actions, indicating a state of being tough, stiff, or calloused.

This root primarily relates to the idea of rising, surging, or moving, often with a sense of unease, distress, or suddenness. It extends to physical actions like vomiting, the movement of animals, and even the metaphorical 'rising' of night or sea. It also encompasses concepts of fullness, indigestion, and lightness, particularly in relation to objects like bows and arrows.

The root جفء primarily relates to forceful actions of throwing, overturning, or uprooting. It also extends to concepts of waste, froth, and the ephemeral, often associated with natural phenomena like floods and boiling liquids.

This root primarily deals with the concept of throwing, casting down, or causing something to fall. It can also extend to the idea of revealing or making something clear, though this is less prominent in the provided text.

This root appears to describe a state of being stretched out or spread wide, particularly in the context of lying down. It conveys a sense of being fully extended or relaxed in a prone position.

This root primarily relates to the concept of gathering, collecting, or accumulating. It can also extend to meanings of anger or concealment, often implying a gathering or holding back of something.

This root primarily describes the act of leaning, stooping, or bending over something, often with a sense of intensity or purpose. It also extends to physical descriptions of stooped posture, such as a hunched back or a bent neck, and can metaphorically refer to being engrossed or persistent.

This root primarily describes colors, specifically shades of dark, dusty, or reddish hues. It also extends to describe physical attributes like rust or a patch on a waterskin, and actions related to mending or patching.

This root primarily relates to the act of calling or summoning, particularly in the context of animals. It encompasses specific calls directed at goats and the sound a donkey makes when called to water.

This root primarily relates to close companionship and proximity, specifically referring to the intimate circle of a king or ruler. It also has a less common, likely erroneous, association with a shoemaker's tool and a mention of a wolf and locusts.

This root primarily relates to the manipulation of fabric edges, such as twisting, folding, and sewing. It also extends to meanings of tightening, striking, and sexual intercourse, with a derived term for a short, conceited person.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of being stingy or possessive over something, and also of being attached to or holding onto something firmly. It can also denote being delighted or pleased with something, and in a derived sense, being worthy or deserving of something.

This root primarily concerns the act of gathering, collecting, and bringing things together. It also extends to the physical act of folding or drawing together, such as wings or a body, and the visual phenomenon of a mirage lifting or distorting an image.

This root primarily relates to the act of striking, piercing, or penetrating, often with a weapon like a spear or arrow. It extends to the idea of entering deeply into something, and metaphorically, to sexual intercourse. It also encompasses related nouns for garments and body parts.

This root primarily relates to the concept of fullness, particularly in the context of drinking or eating to satiety. It also extends to meanings of intense action, and metaphorically to weakness or being insignificant.