Mukhtarus al-Sihah (Al-Razi, d. 666H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of overcoming, conquering, or prevailing over something or someone. It extends to notions of dominance, control, and superiority, as well as the state of being overcome or defeated. It also encompasses related ideas like abundance, density, and being stout.

This root primarily relates to darkness and its intensity, extending to concepts of heedlessness and unintentional actions. It also describes extreme blackness, particularly in horses.

This root primarily concerns the concept of absence, hiddenness, and being unseen. It extends to the act of disappearing, being absent, and the state of being hidden. It also encompasses related concepts like the depths of a well or valley, and the act of speaking ill of someone in their absence.

This root primarily concerns the act of consuming liquids, specifically drinking, and by extension, eating. It can also refer to excessive drinking.

This root primarily relates to dryness, shrinking, and hollowness. It extends to describe physical states like withered flesh or skin, and also encompasses concepts of leanness, specific sounds, and parts of objects or the body.

This root primarily concerns the equipment used for riding camels, specifically a small saddle. It also extends to related anatomical terms for the camel's internal organs and the act of saddling.

This root primarily concerns the act of coughing, particularly in animals like horses and camels. It can also be applied to humans and has a derived term considered 'neo-classical'.

This root appears to relate to the act of striking, overpowering, or felling someone or something. It also has a specific application related to striking with a sword and a nominal use as a proper name.

This root primarily concerns the concept of closeness, proximity, and nearness, both in a physical and abstract sense. It extends to concepts like approaching, bringing near, and the relationship of kinship.

This root appears to relate to concepts of being old, aged, or withered, particularly when referring to a person or something dry and brittle.

This root primarily relates to cutting and severing. It extends to describe sharp swords capable of cutting through bone, and metaphorically, it can refer to a thief or even a poor person. It also describes the act of eating dry food.

This root primarily relates to the act of causing someone to fall or be thrown down. It also extends to a type of game or play.

This root appears to be related to concepts of emptiness, lack of possessions, or insignificance. It is used in idiomatic expressions to denote a complete absence of anything valuable or substantial.

This root appears to relate to aged or mature male cattle, specifically bulls. It describes a bull that is old and strong, possibly implying a certain robustness or maturity.

This root primarily relates to hardness, dryness, and firmness. It extends to describe solid dates, a strong and tall person, and the flow or current of water.

The root قشب (qashaba) primarily relates to mixing, adulteration, or contamination. This extends to concepts of poisoning, demeaning someone, and even the idea of a mixed or impure lineage. It can also refer to something new or fresh.

The root قصب primarily relates to hollow tubular structures, bones, and conduits. It extends to meanings of cutting, restricting, and also encompasses specific types of plants, musical instruments, and even abstract concepts like the center of a place or the inner workings of the body.

This root primarily concerns the concept of cutting, severing, or breaking off. It extends to related ideas like abruptness, improvisation, and even forceful action or riding an animal before it is tamed.

The root قطب (q-ṭ-b) primarily relates to the concept of a central point, axis, or a gathering/convergence. It extends to notions of leadership, importance, and the core of something, as well as expressions of displeasure or contraction.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of bird. It is also used as a proper name, specifically a title for a renowned grammarian.

This root primarily relates to hollowed or concave objects, particularly vessels like cups or bowls. It extends to describe a concave shape in other contexts, such as hooves or even the manner of speaking.

This root appears to relate to the concept of uprooting or eradicating something completely. It also has a specific application as a proper name.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of wood used in crafting saddles. It is identified as a type of tree, with its Persian name also provided.

This root primarily concerns the concept of turning, inverting, or transforming something. It extends to the physical heart, the seat of intellect and emotion, and also encompasses related ideas like change, revolution, and even specific objects or conditions associated with these actions.

This root primarily relates to containers, groups, and the growth or maturation of plants. It also touches upon specific terms for groups of horses and hunting equipment.

This root primarily concerns the act of digging, excavating, or making a hole, often leading to something breaking or splitting open. It also extends to concepts of peeling, shedding, and the space between parts, as well as a specific skin condition.

This root primarily describes a specific color: a white tinged with dullness or dustiness. It can also refer to a great mountain and, metaphorically, to powerful animals like elephants and buffaloes.

This root primarily concerns states of sadness, grief, and dejection. It describes the feeling of being downcast, broken in spirit due to sorrow, and can also refer to a color that is dark or somber, akin to the appearance of a sad person's face.

The root كبب (k-b-b) primarily relates to the concept of falling, overturning, or collapsing, often forcefully or headlong. It extends to meanings of intense focus, sudden surges, and dense masses, as well as specific physical phenomena like sand formations and animal conditions.

This root primarily concerns the act of writing, recording, and inscribing. It extends to concepts of decree, fate, collection, and binding, as well as the physical act of sewing or joining.

This root primarily concerns the concept of gathering, collecting, or accumulating. It extends to the idea of something being poured or heaped up, leading to its application in describing sand dunes and quantities of milk.

This root primarily concerns falsehood, lying, and untruth. It extends to concepts of disbelief, denial, and deeming something false. In some classical contexts, it also takes on meanings related to obligation, necessity, and even disappearance.

The root كرب (k-r-b) primarily relates to distress, sorrow, and hardship. It also extends to concepts of nearing, approaching, and tightening or constricting.

The root كسب (k-s-b) primarily relates to the acquisition of sustenance and wealth through effort. It encompasses the act of earning a living, the resulting gain, and the means by which it is obtained. The root also extends to related concepts like hunting and the accumulation of fat.

The root كعب (k-ʿ-b) primarily relates to protrusions, angular shapes, and prominent parts. It extends to the ankle bone, the prominent parts of a spear, and the budding of a young woman's breasts. It also encompasses geometric shapes, folded items, and even specific tribal names and the Kaaba.

This root pertains to the concept of being large, bulky, or stout. It is primarily used to describe physical size and mass, often in a somewhat informal or descriptive manner.

This root primarily relates to celestial bodies, specifically stars, and by extension, to prominence, brilliance, and dispersal. It describes the appearance and characteristics of stars, as well as metaphorical uses related to importance and scattering.

This root primarily relates to the hardening or callousing of the hands due to labor, and also refers to specific types of plants and a place name.

This root primarily relates to vessels, specifically a type of cup or jug without a handle. It also extends to a small, waisted drum.

This root describes a specific color, often associated with animals, particularly camels. It denotes a hue that is not pure red but has a reddish tint, sometimes described as a mixture or a duller shade of red.

This root primarily relates to concepts of steadfastness, adherence, and being fixed or attached. It also extends to meanings of sticking or adhering to something, and in a more specific context, to piercing or striking.

This root primarily concerns the concept of loud noise, clamor, and commotion. It extends to describe the turbulent sound of waves and, in a more specific sense, a ewe whose milk production has significantly decreased after lambing.

The root لحب (l-ḥ-b) primarily relates to clear paths, walking, and making things smooth or clear. It extends to concepts of scraping, peeling, and by extension, to being emaciated or thin.

This root primarily denotes adherence, sticking, and firmness. It extends to concepts of steadfastness, permanence, and also hardship or severity, particularly in times of scarcity.

The root لسب (l-s-b) primarily relates to actions of licking, sticking, stinging, and striking. It encompasses the physical act of licking, the metaphorical sense of adhering or sticking to something, the sharp pain of a sting, and the forceful action of beating.

This root primarily describes things that are stuck, attached, or difficult to separate. It extends to the idea of being thin to the point of sticking to bone, and also refers to narrow passages or ravines in mountains.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being firm, fixed, or stable, often in contrast to being loose or mobile. It extends to describe things that are difficult to move or dislodge, and by extension, things that are deep or hard to reach.

The root 'لعب' primarily denotes the concept of playing, amusement, and lighthearted activity. It extends to meanings related to repeated actions, excessive engagement, and objects used for play. Figuratively, it can refer to saliva, honey, and even specific locations or phenomena.