Al-Qamus al-Muhit (Firuzabadi, d. 817H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of spreading out, extending, and vastness, often applied to land, clouds, or even abstract concepts like the heart's direction. It also encompasses meanings related to destruction, falling, and great size.

This root appears to relate to concepts of darkness, obscurity, and confusion. It also extends to terms for foolishness and specific, often obscure, entities.

This root primarily relates to the concept of 'and' or 'with', functioning as a conjunction or preposition. It can also denote accompaniment or joining.

This root pertains to the concept of returning, repeating, or coming back. It encompasses notions of recurrence, repetition, and the act of coming back to a place or state.

This root primarily relates to the concept of coming, arriving, or appearing, often from a distance. It also extends to meanings of freshness, newness, and the early stages of something, as well as the preparation and mixing of food.

This root primarily relates to the concept of approaching, coming, or passing by. It can also refer to a specific place or region.

This root pertains to the state of being overcome by richness or fat, leading to a feeling of fullness and heaviness in the stomach.

This root primarily relates to the concept of 'coming' or 'arriving'. It encompasses the act of approaching, appearing, and the general notion of presence. Derived forms often denote the arrival itself, the one who arrives, or the act of coming.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being weak, sick, or ailing, particularly affecting the liver. It describes a state of illness and debility.

This root primarily concerns exceeding limits, rising up, and transgressing. It extends to concepts of overflow, rebellion, and arrogance, as well as specific applications related to water, blood, and animal sounds.

This root primarily concerns the concept of exceeding bounds, transgressing, and acting rebelliously. It extends to include idols, false deities, and anything worshipped besides God, as well as places of elevation.

This root primarily describes the act of rising to the surface, floating, or appearing above something else. It can also denote a rapid or intense movement, a state of being deceased, or entering into a matter.

This root primarily relates to concepts of floating, rising to the surface, and things that are light or delicate. It extends to specific natural phenomena like the halo around the moon, froth, and certain plants, as well as a specific tribe and a type of snake.

This root primarily relates to the concept of walking, specifically with a sense of speed or swiftness. It encompasses various nuances of movement and gait.

This root primarily relates to concepts of beauty, attractiveness, and pleasantness. It extends to meanings of waiting, slowness, and specific terms for young animals and the early morning light.

This root primarily concerns the act of coating, smearing, or applying something to a surface. It extends to meanings of being covered, diseased, or marked, and also encompasses concepts related to desire, affection, and even death.

This root primarily relates to the concept of rising, overflowing, and becoming abundant. It describes water levels increasing, plants growing tall, ambitions soaring, and the sea filling up. It also includes place names derived from this concept.

This root primarily relates to accusations, suspicions, and negative states like illness or decay. It also extends to concepts of attachment, sticking, and even specific commercial transactions like buying or selling trees and fruits.

This root primarily concerns the concept of folding, concealing, or bringing things together. It extends to meanings of shortening distance, enduring hardship, and also refers to specific geographical locations and physical attributes.

This root primarily concerns the act of cooking and preparing food. It extends to related concepts like the cook, the food itself, and even metaphorical uses related to skill and understanding.

This root primarily relates to the sharp edge of a weapon, such as a sword or spearhead. It also encompasses the concept of a sharp, protruding edge or point.

This root primarily relates to the gazelle, its female counterpart, and associated terms. It also extends to various geographical locations, personal names, and specific objects or features.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of biting, tearing, and consuming, often with a sense of intensity or voracity. It also extends to meanings of being greedy, having a large appetite, or experiencing abdominal discomfort.

This root appears to relate to concepts of giving birth, nursing, and caring for infants, particularly in a familial or communal context.

This root pertains to seeking or staying in shade, implying rest, comfort, and avoidance of hardship. It encompasses the act of taking shelter and enjoying a state of ease and tranquility.

This root describes a state of dryness, leanness, or paleness, often associated with thirst or lack of vitality. It is applied to various things, including animals, plants, and physical features, to denote a lack of moisture, flesh, or blood.

This root primarily relates to the concept of 'and' or 'togetherness'. It signifies conjunction, addition, and association, linking words, phrases, or ideas.

This root appears to relate to concepts of foolishness, silliness, and a lack of intelligence or sense. It describes someone who is acting foolishly or is inherently unintelligent.

This root primarily relates to things that are putrid, decaying, or rotten, often associated with carrion. It also extends to terms for specific plants and substances derived from them, as well as land characterized by abundance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of illumination or radiance, particularly of the face. It also extends to meanings of beauty and the act of packing or filling something.

This root primarily relates to concepts of covering, clothing, and preparation. It extends to meanings of a type of cloak, a heavy or uncouth person, and the arrangement or readiness of an army. It also encompasses notions of a share or portion, and a specific social custom involving food preparation.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of exceeding limits, arrogance, and becoming old or advanced in age. It describes someone who has become haughty, transgressed boundaries, or reached an advanced age.

This root appears to relate to concepts of being old, ancient, or perhaps stubborn and resistant. It also includes derived terms for specific individuals or groups.

This root primarily relates to concepts of corruption, spoiling, and ruin. It also encompasses terms for dark colors, thick hair, and certain animals like hyenas, often associated with negative or wild connotations.

This root primarily relates to delaying or postponing, particularly in the context of nursing. It also extends to meanings of opening the mouth, being stubborn or ill-tempered, and specific types of dates and dried foods.

This root primarily concerns anatomical structures, specifically referring to tendons, ligaments, or sinews found in the limbs of animals, particularly horses and cattle. It also encompasses the general concept of a connective tissue or band.

This root pertains to the pleasantness and salubrity of a place, particularly its air and environment. It describes a location that is healthy, agreeable, and free from noxious qualities, often implying a desirable, remote, and well-watered setting.

This root primarily relates to dryness, lack of moisture, and barrenness, particularly concerning land and vegetation. It also extends to concepts of finding a place agreeable or suitable, and animals accustomed to such dry pastures.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of visiting, seeking something, and attachment or connection. It extends to physical handles or loops, parts of clothing, and specific anatomical or botanical terms. It also encompasses notions of coldness, scarcity, and specific locations or individuals.

This root primarily concerns the state of being naked, unclothed, or exposed. It extends to concepts of being bare, stripped, or devoid of something, and also relates to open spaces and the act of riding something without equipment.

This root primarily concerns concepts of nobility, honor, and lineage. It extends to the act of attributing or relating something to a source, and also includes terms for seeking favor or expressing affection.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of patience, consolation, and attributing something to someone or something. It extends to the idea of claiming lineage or identity, and also to a specific type of oath or affirmation.

This root primarily describes states of aging, hardening, and intensification. It can refer to the aging of a person, the maturation and drying of plants, or the deepening darkness of night. It also has a specific meaning related to wax.

This root primarily concerns the concept of hope, expectation, and possibility, often with a nuance of doubt or apprehension. It can also relate to suitability, likelihood, and the process of ripening or becoming ready.

This root primarily concerns vision, particularly impaired vision at night or in general, and the concept of darkness. It extends to related ideas like navigating in darkness, ignorance, and the time of evening or night.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a staff or stick, its use in striking, and related actions like taking or giving one. It extends metaphorically to concepts of unity, division, and leadership, as well as physical attributes and specific entities.

This root primarily deals with the concept of disobedience, opposition, and defiance against authority or commands. It also extends to meanings of stubbornness, difficulty, and hardness, particularly in inanimate objects.

This root primarily concerns the act of giving, receiving, and taking, often with a sense of reaching out or extending oneself. It encompasses concepts of generosity, asking for something, and the physical act of taking or handling.