Al-Qamus al-Muhit (Firuzabadi, d. 817H)

This root primarily concerns the act of harming, deceiving, or speaking ill of someone. It encompasses actions like poisoning, dissuading from good deeds, backbiting, and slandering.

This root primarily relates to the concept of swelling, particularly of the belly, often due to overeating a specific plant. It also describes a small reptile resembling a gecko.

The root 'ع ف و' (ʿ-f-w) primarily relates to forgiveness, pardon, and overlooking wrongdoing. It extends to concepts of abundance, superiority, and the best part of something. It also encompasses ideas of passing over, leaving behind, and the remnants of things, including water and land.

This root primarily deals with concepts of enclosure, surrounding, and elevation. It extends to actions related to digging and reaching heights, as well as negative emotions like dislike or aversion.

This root primarily deals with substances expelled from the body, particularly at birth, and by extension, things that are bitter or removed due to bitterness. It also extends to actions like giving a drink, throwing, and rising.

This root primarily relates to concepts of thickness, stoutness, and curvature, often applied to physical objects, body parts, or actions involving bending or thickening. It also extends to meanings of abundance, intensity, and sometimes refers to specific anatomical features or actions.

This root primarily relates to the concept of tightening, knotting, or binding something securely. It extends to meanings of death, as if one's affairs are tied up, and also to specific items or preparations, such as a type of food or drink.

This root primarily deals with the concept of elevation, ascent, and being on top of something. It also extensively covers the preposition 'ala, detailing its numerous grammatical functions and meanings in classical Arabic.

This root primarily concerns the loss of sight, both literal and metaphorical. It extends to concepts of ignorance, hiddenness, and confusion. It also encompasses meanings related to natural phenomena like clouds and rain, as well as intense heat.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of deviation, error, and straying from the right path. It also encompasses related ideas of humiliation, submission, and being led astray.

This root primarily concerns the state of being captured, subdued, or subjected to something. It extends to meanings of bringing forth, revealing, and the act of submission or yielding. It also touches upon aspects of affection and the appearance of things.

This root primarily concerns matters that are important, significant, or affect someone. It extends to concepts of effort, hardship, care, attention, and the meaning or intention behind something. It also touches upon the arrival or occurrence of events and the flourishing of land.

This root primarily relates to twisting, bending, or distorting something, often accompanied by a sound. It extends to concepts of deviation, calling out, and even reaching a certain age or strength.

This root primarily relates to concepts of affliction, damage, or a defect affecting something, particularly livestock. It also extends to describe certain qualities of animals, like a noble or strong camel, and a young donkey.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of being unable to grasp, comprehend, or achieve something, leading to exhaustion, helplessness, or confusion. It extends to meanings of being ignorant of something, or a state of being incurable or unresolvable.

This root primarily relates to concepts of covering, obscuring, and a moderate or sudden downpour of rain. It extends to describe dense vegetation and the act of concealing or shortening something.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of being unaware, slow to understand, or hidden. It extends to meanings of ignorance, dullness, and obscurity, often in relation to perception or knowledge.

This root appears to be related to the concept of foolishness or lack of intelligence, specifically when referring to women.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of froth, scum, and debris, particularly that which is carried by water or found in a wadi. It also extends to meanings of perishing, decay, and things that are worn out or worthless.

This root primarily relates to concepts of mixing, overwhelming, and abundance. It describes the action of water gathering and spoiling, speech being mixed or confused, and things being trampled or struck. It also extends to the idea of something becoming abundant or plentiful, and metaphorically to a corrupted or evil nature.

This root primarily relates to the early part of the day, specifically morning and forenoon. It also extends to concepts of hastening or arriving early, and to things associated with the morning meal or the contents of a pregnant animal's womb.

This root primarily concerns nourishment, growth, and sustenance for living beings, particularly animals. It extends to concepts of rapid movement, caretaking, and even specific bodily fluids or anatomical features.

This root appears to be related to the concept of nourishment, feeding, and sustenance. It encompasses the act of providing food and the state of being nourished.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of sticking, adhering, and becoming attached, often in a strong or obsessive way. It also extends to meanings of covering, coating, and in some cases, refers to things that are sticky or adhesive like glue. Additionally, it encompasses notions of beauty, excellence, and even surprise.

This root primarily concerns the concept of raiding, attacking, or campaigning against an enemy. It extends to the idea of seeking, intending, or aiming for something, and also encompasses related concepts like pregnancy duration and specific places or names.

This root primarily relates to the onset of darkness and the early stages of night. It also extends to refer to specific types of unripe dates and the fruit of the nabq tree.

This root primarily deals with the concept of darkness and the onset of night. It describes the process of night falling and enveloping everything in its gloom.

This root primarily concerns covering, obscuring, and fainting. It describes states of unconsciousness, veils or coverings, and things that envelop or come upon someone or something, including abstract concepts like the Day of Judgment.

This root primarily relates to covering, obscuring, and approaching. It encompasses concepts like covering oneself, being covered, approaching someone or something, and also refers to specific things that cover or are covered, such as a horse's marking or a type of fruit.

This root primarily concerns a specific thorny shrub ('al-ghaḍā') and its association with arid lands, animals that eat it, and the act of covering or obscuring. It extends to concepts of darkness, greatness, and deliberate ignorance.

This root primarily concerns the concept of covering, concealing, and overshadowing. It extends to meanings of abundance, fullness, and the obscuring effect of darkness, as well as the physical act of spreading out or extending.

This root primarily concerns the concept of covering, concealing, and obscuring. It extends to meanings of darkness, rising water, and protection, as well as metaphorical senses of strength and abundance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of sleep, drowsiness, and falling asleep. It also extends to the meaning of floating or resting on the surface of water.

This root primarily relates to concepts of chaff, refuse, and minor debris, often associated with grain or agricultural waste. It also extends to meanings of weakness, decay, and minor ailments or imperfections, including a specific eye condition.

This root primarily concerns the concept of high price or value, extending to exceeding limits, reaching great heights, and being expensive or precious. It also encompasses related ideas of speed, intensity, and abundance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of boiling, overheating, or becoming excessively hot. It also extends to meanings of preciousness or high value, and metaphorically to intense emotions or actions.

This root primarily relates to covering, concealing, or overlaying something. It can describe the act of covering a structure with materials like mud and wood, implying a form of building or renovation.

This root primarily relates to covering, obscuring, and fainting. It encompasses the act of losing consciousness, the state of being covered or obscured (like a roof or a horse's covering), and the concept of overcast skies. It also includes a specific meaning related to a gerbil's burrow.

This root primarily relates to the concept of wealth, richness, and sufficiency. It encompasses the state of being wealthy, the possession of riches, and the ability to be self-sufficient or independent.

This root primarily concerns the concept of wealth, richness, and sufficiency. It extends to meanings of marriage, independence, and the ability to do without something. It also encompasses notions of dwelling, living, and the passage of time, as well as musical sounds and poetic expression.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of going astray, deviating from the right path, and being led into error. It also extends to meanings of destruction, perishing, and sometimes refers to specific entities like locusts or places.

This root primarily relates to concepts of shade, covering, and reaching a limit or goal. It extends to the idea of setting up a banner or standard, and the gathering or settling of clouds.

This root primarily relates to concepts of striking, splitting, and opening. It also extends to geographical features like valleys, plains, and depressions, as well as social groups and specific times.

This root primarily concerns the concept of youth, young men, and young women. It extends to encompass the prime or best part of anything, generosity, and the act of giving fatwas or legal opinions. It also has some less common meanings related to time and specific objects.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being unable to proceed or being exhausted. It signifies a state of being stuck or overwhelmed, often due to difficulty or fatigue.

This root primarily relates to the concept of opening, widening, or creating a gap. It extends to describe physical spaces, the act of opening something, and the widening of body parts or animal anatomy.

This root primarily relates to the concept of wideness, spaciousness, and expansion. It describes physical breadth, particularly in relation to the belly of an animal, and can extend to metaphorical concepts like generosity in spending.

This root primarily relates to the concept of seeds, grains, or the core essence of something. It extends to meanings of richness, abundance, and the underlying meaning or intent of speech.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ransom, redemption, and sacrifice. It extends to the act of giving something to save someone or something, and also includes expressions of deep affection and care, as well as specific actions related to trade and child-rearing.