Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to the state of a female animal, specifically a cow, when she is ready to conceive or is pregnant. It describes her readiness for mating, the signs of conception, and the stages of pregnancy.

This root primarily concerns the concept of crossing, traversing, or passing over, both physically and metaphorically. It extends to interpreting, understanding, learning lessons, and expressing oneself. It also encompasses related ideas like sorrow, tears, and abundance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of passing over, transcending, or leaving something behind. It extends to meanings of being left untouched, abundant, or uncircumcised, and also encompasses terms for falsehood, specific plants, animals, and tribal or personal names.

This root primarily concerns a type of fragrant desert plant, often with thorns, and by extension, difficult or intense situations. It also includes place names and personal names derived from these concepts.

This root appears to relate to concepts of thickness, stoutness, and robustness, particularly in reference to physical build or the texture of something.

This root primarily relates to harshness, sternness, and a frowning or scowling expression. It can also describe something solid or unyielding, and in the context of camels, it denotes speed and strength.

This root primarily relates to a mythical place inhabited by jinn, which became a metaphor for excellence, rarity, and superiority. It also extends to terms for fine carpets, strong perfumes, and intense cold, often linked to the mythical place.

This root appears to be related to concepts of beauty, purity, and perhaps deception or falsehood. It describes qualities of appearance, natural phenomena like mirages, and even abstract concepts like lies. Some derivations also refer to specific locations or types of plants.

This root primarily describes fullness, robustness, and abundance, often applied to physical build, strength, or even the richness of plants. It can also denote beauty, particularly in complexion and form, and extends to specific botanical terms.

The root عثر (ʿathara) primarily denotes stumbling, falling, or making a mistake, both literally and figuratively. It extends to concepts of encountering difficulty, discovering something, or experiencing misfortune. The root also encompasses related ideas like dust, hidden traces, and specific types of terrain or plants.

The root 'عجر' primarily relates to concepts of bulkiness, swelling, and thickness, particularly concerning the abdomen or body. It extends to meanings of being stout, having a large belly, and metaphorically to worries or hidden flaws. It also encompasses physical attributes like knots, stiffness, and certain types of garments.

This root appears to relate to harshness, roughness, or a coarse disposition, particularly in relation to women. It is not a widely recognized or productive root in classical or modern Arabic.

This root primarily relates to abundant rain and its effects on the land. It also extends to concepts of boldness, courage, and in a less common usage, falsehood. Some derived terms refer to specific professions or names.

The root عذر primarily concerns excuses, justifications, and apologies. It extends to concepts of having a valid reason, offering a defense, or being excused. It also encompasses the idea of falling short, neglecting, or being remiss in a duty or action.

This root primarily describes something that is strong, robust, and large, often applied to animals like camels and lions, signifying their power and resilience. It can also refer to specific entities like a man's name or a star.

The root عزر (ʿazara) primarily relates to concepts of repelling, preventing, and aiding. It encompasses meanings from reprimanding and punishing to supporting and honoring, often with a sense of reinforcing or strengthening.

The root عسر (ʿusr) primarily denotes difficulty, hardship, and distress, contrasting with ease and prosperity. It encompasses situations, states of being, and actions that are challenging, strained, or problematic, often in a temporal or situational context.

The root عسر (ʿusr) primarily relates to difficulty, hardship, and distress. It extends to concepts of taking something by force or against someone's will, and also names specific plants, places, tribes, and historical figures.

This root primarily relates to young wild animals, specifically the offspring of canids and hyenas, and also denotes a type of swift, strong female camel. It can also refer to a leopard.

This root primarily describes strong, fast, and persistent camels, often with specific connotations of lineage or breeding. It also extends to meanings related to intense looking and a type of desert fox.

This root appears to relate to concepts of steadfastness, patience, and endurance, particularly in the face of hardship or difficulty. It describes a person who is strong, resilient, and able to withstand challenges.

The root عسكر primarily relates to gathering, assembling, and large groups, particularly in the context of armies and military forces. It also extends to concepts of hardship, scarcity, and darkness when used metaphorically.

This root pertains to the concept of being strong, robust, and formidable. It describes individuals, animals, and even abstract things like journeys or places as being intense, severe, or difficult.

The root 'asr' primarily relates to time, particularly the latter part of the day, and by extension, the entirety of time or an era. It also encompasses the act of pressing or squeezing to extract liquid or essence, and metaphorically, to restrain or withhold.

The root 'عصر' primarily relates to the concepts of pressing, squeezing, and extracting. It extends to meanings of time, particularly an era or age, and also encompasses notions of refuge, protection, and clinging to something. Derived meanings include taking or reclaiming something, holding back, and familial ties.

The root 'asfara' primarily relates to the plant safflower, used for dyeing. It extends to various derived meanings including a type of bird, parts of saddles and camel litters, and anatomical features in horses and the brain. It also encompasses abstract concepts like twisting and hunger pangs.

This root appears to relate to specific types of containers or buckets, particularly those used in machinery like water wheels or catapults. It also has a derived meaning referring to a short, brave person.

This root primarily relates to concepts of prohibition, prevention, and withholding. It also encompasses a proper noun referring to a place or a tribe from Yemen.

This root appears to relate to concepts of tightness, stinginess, and specific tools. It describes a stingy person and a component of a siege engine.

This root primarily concerns fragrance, perfume, and pleasant scents. It extends to describe people who use perfume, sellers of perfume, and even animals or objects that are characterized by a good smell or appearance resembling perfume.

This root primarily relates to feelings of aversion, dislike, and being overwhelmed or filled, particularly with drink. It also extends to descriptions of physical characteristics like being stout, short, or strong, and includes specific terms for locusts.

The root عفر (ʿafara) primarily relates to dust, earth, and the color associated with it, often a reddish-brown or pale hue. It extends to actions involving rubbing or pressing something into the dust, implying subjugation, humiliation, or being covered in dirt. It also encompasses concepts of paleness, whiteness, and, metaphorically, cunning or strong demonic entities.

The root عفر (ʿ-f-r) primarily relates to colors associated with dust and earth, specifically a reddish-brown or dusty hue. It is also used for names of animals, places, and people, often deriving from this color association or from speed.

This root appears to relate to speed and rapid movement, particularly in a negative or boastful context. It also features prominently as a proper name, possibly of foreign origin, and is associated with a legendary figure known for fickleness.

The root 'ʿqr' primarily relates to the concepts of sticking to, persisting in, and being deeply affected or stunned. It extends to meanings of addiction, immobility due to fear, and also encompasses terms for structures, geographical locations, and medicinal plants.

This root primarily deals with intense, overwhelming, and destructive calamities or afflictions. It also extends to describing a person, particularly a woman, who is aggressive, overpowering, and malicious.

The root عكر primarily relates to the concepts of returning, attacking, mixing, and becoming turbid or dense. It encompasses actions of charging into battle, returning to a place or state, and the physical states of being mixed, cloudy, or thick.

The root عكبر (ʿakbara) primarily relates to a substance produced by bees, often described as a type of propolis or bee glue. It is also used metaphorically for things that fill or seal.