Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root 'akbara' (عكبر) primarily relates to the concept of 'two 'Amrs' or 'two 'Amirs' as a designation for prominent figures or pairs of individuals. It also extends to names of tribes, places, and descriptive terms, often with a classical or historical register.

This root primarily relates to the substance ambergris, a perfumed secretion from the sperm whale. It also encompasses the concept of a specific, named entity or type, potentially derived from the substance's distinctiveness.

This root primarily concerns ambergris, a fragrant substance from the sea, and by extension, other fragrant substances like saffron or turmeric. It also extends to a shield, a large sea creature, and a tribal name, with figurative uses for intensity.

This root primarily relates to bravery and courage, particularly in warfare. It also extends to terms for a type of fly, often characterized by its sound or size, and is used as a personal name.

This root primarily describes physical characteristics, particularly shortness in stature and a woman's robust build. It also extends to describe specific facial expressions and the covering of a bottle.

This root primarily concerns the concept of origin, source, or fundamental essence. It extends to notions of lineage, lineage, and sometimes implies a significant event or a pressing need.

This root primarily relates to the white, tender base or core of plants, particularly reeds and papyrus. It extends to the heart of a palm tree and metaphorically to the offspring of noblemen due to their perceived purity and whiteness. It also encompasses the idea of origin or essence.

This root primarily concerns illicit sexual relations, specifically fornication and adultery. It extends to terms for those who engage in such acts, and by extension, to general wickedness or a lack of steadfastness.

The root عور primarily relates to concepts of deficiency, impairment, and distortion. It extends to meanings of borrowing and lending, deception, and physical flaws like cracks or defects. It also encompasses place names and personal names.

The root عير primarily relates to the concept of protrusion, prominence, or standing out, often associated with physical objects like the hump of a camel, the tip of an arrow, or a prominent bone. It extends to meanings of movement, wandering, and comparison, as well as specific animals like donkeys and wild asses.

The root عير (ʿ-y-r) primarily relates to the concept of carrying, especially goods or provisions, and by extension, a caravan or the animals that transport them. It also extends to meanings of defect, blemish, and shame, as well as borrowing and lending.

The root غبر (gh-b-r) primarily relates to dust, earth, and things that are dusty or earth-colored. It extends to concepts of being covered in dust, the act of stirring up dust, and by extension, eagerness or haste. It also encompasses specific agricultural and botanical terms.

This root primarily relates to concepts of mixedness, confusion, and dull or mixed colors. It extends to describe crowds, low-class people, dull or dusty appearances, and even certain plants and animals with such characteristics. It also touches upon the idea of abundance or a large quantity.

This root primarily describes things that are coarse, rough, inferior, or mixed in a poor quality. It extends to concepts of spoiling, consuming unjustly, and being unrefined or uncleaned.

This root primarily relates to concepts of betrayal, treachery, and breaking covenants. It also extends to terms for coarse or rough things, and a specific type of food preparation.

This root primarily describes a person who is assertive, decisive, and takes charge, often by managing affairs, speaking forcefully, or even by being overbearing. It also extends to meanings related to loud noises, confused speech, and forceful actions like selling goods in bulk.

This root primarily concerns abundance, particularly of milk from animals or water from a source. It extends to the concept of plenty in general and can also refer to a specific plant or a place name.

This root primarily deals with concepts of confusion, entanglement, and difficulty. It extends to meanings of being obstructed, tangled, or complicated, particularly in abstract matters or physical objects like spun thread.

This root primarily concerns actions characterized by aggression, injustice, and a lack of deliberation. It describes forceful taking, overwhelming force, and acting rashly or with impetuosity, often in a negative or aggressive manner.

This root primarily describes something as coarse, rough, thick, or large. It is often applied to people, animals, or body parts to denote a lack of refinement or a robust physique. It can also describe a state of being heavy or sluggish.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being prominent, conspicuous, or standing out, often in a negative or boastful manner. It also extends to physical descriptions of being well-built or short.

This root primarily relates to covering, concealing, and forgiveness. It extends to concepts of sweet scents, plant exudates, and even astronomical or geographical features that appear to 'cover' or 'conceal'. It also encompasses names and tribal affiliations.

The root غمر primarily relates to being covered, submerged, or overwhelmed, often by water, but also by darkness, sand, or even by a large quantity of something. It extends to concepts of being conquered, inundated, or obscured, and also denotes specific locations.

This root primarily relates to the act of reinforcing or filling something, particularly in the context of archery and natural phenomena. It describes the application of a binding agent to strengthen a weak bow and the overflowing of a landscape with water.

This root appears to describe states of plumpness, fullness, and well-being, often associated with youth and prosperity. It can also denote a lack of understanding or intelligence.

This root appears to relate to concepts of fullness, abundance, and sometimes a negative connotation of being mixed or confused. It is primarily used to describe physical attributes like plumpness and also verbal actions related to over-measuring or speaking incoherently.

This root appears to relate to drinking water without desire, and also to a term of abuse implying ignorance or heaviness.

This root appears to describe qualities of being plump, thick, or soft, often applied to young boys. It also includes a proper name.

The root 'ghawr' (غور) primarily relates to concepts of depth, sinking, and intensity. It extends to meanings of midday rest, the setting of the sun, the intensity of weaving or twisting, and physical states like swelling or becoming fat. It also encompasses geographical locations and the concept of jealousy.

This root primarily deals with the concept of change, alteration, and difference. It encompasses notions of modifying something, something being different from another, and the act of substituting or replacing. It also extends to concepts like jealousy, protection, and even the payment of blood money as a substitute for retribution.

This root primarily concerns the mouse and related small rodents. It extends to terms for digging, specific anatomical parts, and even certain scents or substances, sometimes metaphorically linked to the mouse.

This root primarily deals with severe adversities, calamities, and overwhelming difficulties. It emphasizes the intensity and magnitude of these troubles, often describing them as astonishing or immense.

The root 'فثر' primarily relates to large, flat, or round objects, often serving as vessels or surfaces. It encompasses items like trays, platters, basins, and even the sun's disc, sometimes implying a broad or expansive quality.

This root primarily concerns the concept of pride, boasting, and exalting oneself, often through achievements, lineage, or possessions. It encompasses both positive and negative connotations, ranging from commendable pride in virtues to arrogance and vanity. The root also extends to related concepts like superiority, abundance, and specific material objects.

This root primarily describes a state of weakness, exhaustion, or cessation, particularly in the context of sexual activity for male animals. It extends to describe specific types of mountain goats, pieces of meat, and abstract concepts like a portion of time or a foolish person.

The root فزر primarily relates to concepts of splitting, tearing, breaking, and cracking. It extends to meanings of fragmentation, damage, and also describes physical deformities like hunchbackedness and fullness. Additionally, it encompasses terms for animal groups and specific types of paths.