Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root 'حفر' primarily denotes the act of digging or excavating. It extends to the resulting excavation, such as a well or pit, and can also refer to specific locations known for such digging, particularly wells in the Arabian Peninsula.

The root 'حقر' (ḥaqara) primarily denotes smallness, insignificance, and contempt. It encompasses concepts of being lowly, diminished, and belittled, both in a physical and abstract sense. Derived terms often relate to treating something or someone as trivial or inferior.

The root حمر (ḥmr) primarily denotes the color red and its various shades. It extends to concepts of intensity, severity, and sometimes, by extension, specific groups of people or things associated with redness or intensity.

The root حمر (ḥ-m-r) primarily relates to redness, heat, and intensity. It extends to concepts of harshness, stripping, and peeling, as well as the animal donkey and related terms. It also encompasses specific plants, birds, and geographical locations.

This root appears to relate to curved or bent structures, particularly arches and bows. It also extends to descriptions of things that are bent or curved, and metaphorically to hardship or intensity.

This root appears to relate to concepts of narrowness, shortness, and smallness. It describes physical dimensions and potentially a state of being confined or restricted.

This root appears to relate to concepts of foolishness and narrowness or constriction. The primary derived terms describe someone as foolish or mentally deficient, and the noun form signifies distress or tightness.

This root primarily concerns the throat and related anatomical structures, including the larynx and pharynx. It also extends to actions related to the throat, such as slaughtering, and metaphorical uses related to intense fear or internal ailments.

This root appears to relate to descriptions of physical features, specifically concerning mountains and people. It describes a part of a mountain and also terms for a short, unattractive person.

The root حور (ḥ-w-r) primarily relates to whiteness, paleness, and sometimes redness in skins or animals. It also extends to concepts of returning, change, and specific objects or places associated with these meanings, such as a type of cauterization or a specific type of pulley.

This root describes something that is large, bulky, and has a prominent belly. It is primarily used as an adjective to denote a stout or corpulent physique.

This root primarily concerns betrayal, treachery, and deceit, often implying a severe or malicious form. It also extends to meanings of weakness, relaxation, and corruption, both moral and physical, sometimes induced by substances.

The root ختعر primarily relates to things that are transient, deceptive, or unstable, often likened to mirages or fleeting phenomena. It also extends to concepts of treachery, the ephemeral nature of the world, and deceptive appearances.

This root primarily relates to unpleasant odors, specifically from the posterior, and also encompasses meanings related to abundance, capacity, and sound.

The root خدر (khadara) primarily relates to a state of numbness, weakness, or sluggishness, often affecting limbs. It extends to concepts of being slow, lagging behind, or becoming detached from a group, and can also describe intense heat with stillness.

This root appears to relate to concealment, hiding, or being hidden, particularly in the context of someone who is concealed from an authority or an enemy. It also has a specific meaning related to a type of spinning toy.

This root appears to relate to sounds, specifically a nasal or guttural sound, possibly emanating from the nostrils. It is mentioned in the context of five-letter roots.

The root خرر (kh-r-r) primarily denotes sounds, especially the sound of flowing water, wind, or a bird of prey. It also extends to meanings of falling, collapsing, or moving rapidly, and by extension, to dying or succumbing to something. Figuratively, it can refer to succumbing to shame or failing in an endeavor.

The root خزر (kh-z-r) primarily relates to the eyes, describing various conditions of vision, eye shape, and how one looks. It extends to describe a specific gait, a type of food, and a disease, as well as a type of plant and its uses.

The root خسر (kh-s-r) primarily denotes loss, detriment, and perishing. It encompasses concepts of going astray, suffering damage in trade, and experiencing a deficit in weight or measure. It can also refer to perishing or destruction, particularly in a spiritual or eschatological context.

This root primarily deals with the concept of worthlessness, inferiority, and the dregs of something. It extends to the act of separating the bad from the good, and metaphorically to the lowest strata of society.

The root خضر (kh-ḍ-r) primarily relates to greenness, freshness, and verdancy. It extends to concepts of lush vegetation, unripe produce, and by extension, things that are young, fresh, or even deceptively attractive. It also encompasses specific plants, colors, and even a prophet.

This root appears to relate to concepts of lightness, flightiness, and perhaps a lack of substance or seriousness. It describes a state of being easily swayed or lacking in depth.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of shyness, modesty, and protection. It extends to meanings of granting asylum, being a protector or guarantor, and conversely, breaking a covenant or trust. It also encompasses the idea of a pledge or security.

This root appears to be related to specific proper nouns, particularly a king of Abyssinia. Its usage seems highly specialized and possibly limited to historical or poetic contexts.

This root primarily concerns a type of plant, possibly a legume, and a place known for its excellent honey. It appears to be a less common root with limited derived forms.

The root خمر (kh-m-r) primarily relates to covering, concealing, and fermenting. It extends to meanings of intoxication, woven mats, and even enslavement or bestowing ownership.

This root describes water that is unpleasant to drink, characterized by its heaviness, brackishness, or unsuitability for consumption by humans or animals. It implies a water quality that is neither fresh nor fully saline, often with negative connotations.

This root appears to relate to the concept of something being thick, viscous, or perhaps even muddy. The primary usage seems to be descriptive of liquids or semi-liquids.

This root appears to relate to intense or extreme states, particularly hunger. The derived terms describe something severe or overwhelming.

This root primarily describes something of little value or worth, often referring to leftover or discarded items. It can also denote significant troubles or the general furnishings of a house.

This root primarily relates to a type of dagger or knife. It also extends to describe a camel that is abundant in milk, and metaphorically to heavy or brackish water. The root can also refer to a proper name.

This root primarily relates to concepts of coarseness, thickness, and specific geographical locations. It also extends to describing a particular way of looking and a disease.

This root primarily denotes severe misfortune, destruction, and treacherous or wicked qualities. It extends to encompass difficult or calamitous situations, as well as individuals characterized by meanness or cunning.

This root primarily concerns the smallest finger, the pinky, and its associated anatomical parts. It also extends to a place name in the Levant.

This root appears to describe something old, aged, or withered, particularly focusing on physical signs of aging like drooping eyelids and facial flesh.

This root appears to be related to names and possibly descriptive terms, though the provided entry is very brief. The primary focus is on a proper noun derived from the root.