Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily refers to a type of bird and a geographical feature. It describes a bird that is difficult to notice until it suddenly takes flight, and also the prominent nose or projection of a mountain.

This root appears to relate to specific types of plants, particularly bamboo or similar reeds, and also has a specialized meaning referring to the head of Christians or a monastery.

This root primarily describes plants, particularly those with a soft or succulent nature, and their characteristics. It also extends to describe coldness, ice, and, metaphorically, the appearance of certain animals.

This root primarily concerns the act of sneezing, its causes, and its association with physical states. It extends metaphorically to the breaking of dawn and, in a classical context, to death and resemblance. It also includes specific applications like the name of a horse and a type of animal considered unlucky.

This root primarily describes something that is long or tall. It is often used to denote a tall person or a long object, emphasizing its extended dimension.

This root primarily describes beauty, completeness, and perfection in form, particularly for women and female camels. It can also refer to advanced age in camels.

The root عفس (ʿafasa) primarily denotes forceful actions like driving, pushing, or pressing. It extends to meanings of restraining, holding back, and physically subduing or crushing someone or something. It also encompasses concepts of effort, weariness, and even intimate engagement or manipulation.

This root primarily describes swiftness and speed, particularly in movement. It also extends to terms for strong, fierce animals like lions and dogs, and can denote a type of person characterized by cunning or fierceness.

This root primarily describes someone with a bad or difficult disposition, often characterized by rudeness, ill-temper, and unpleasantness. It extends to the idea of someone being ill-bred or of low character.

This root primarily describes a sense of being twisted, bent, or contorted, applied to both physical objects like plants and abstract qualities like character or behavior. It also extends to describe a shrewd or tenacious approach in trade.

This root appears to relate to remnants, lingering effects, and severe hardships. It describes the aftermath of illness or love, as well as difficult and trying circumstances.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly obscure, with its primary mention relating to a specific animal or creature from Yemen. Further derivation or common usage is not evident in this entry.

This root pertains to describing someone with bad character or ill temper. It is used to denote a person of poor disposition and the act of having a bad disposition.

This root primarily deals with the concept of reversal, turning something back, or inverting its position. It extends to actions like pulling back, restraining, or bending, and metaphorically to self-restraint or a peculiar gait.

This root primarily describes things that are piled up, layered, or crowded together. It also extends to specific actions related to camels and the concept of abundance.

This root describes things that are numerous, crowded, and dense, particularly large herds of camels. It also extends to describe darkness and overwhelming intensity, such as a very dark night.

This root primarily relates to concepts of eating, drinking, and intense or severe conditions. It also extends to descriptions of darkness, specific types of food or grains, and qualities of being experienced or strong.

This root appears to describe qualities of excellence, beauty, and size, particularly in relation to female camels and women. It also touches upon descriptions of smoothness and shininess.

This root primarily relates to the concept of things being gathered, accumulated, or densely packed together. It extends to descriptions of dense hair, accumulated sand or dry vegetation, and even the gathering of animals.

This root primarily deals with concepts of darkness, obscurity, intensity, and confusion. It extends to meanings of severity in events, difficulty in understanding, and deliberate concealment or feigning ignorance. It also encompasses terms for intense or difficult situations and creatures.

This root primarily describes speed, swiftness, and agility. It is also used metaphorically for negative qualities like malice in animals, and positively for strength, endurance, and beauty in humans or animals. It can also refer to a specific person or a general name.

This root primarily concerns the concept of remaining unmarried for a prolonged period, especially for women, past the age of puberty and readiness for marriage. It extends to meanings of aging, becoming mature, and in some contexts, refers to strong, mature animals, rocks, or even a tribe.

This root primarily relates to the lion, with derived terms referring to the animal itself and its characteristics. It also extends to concepts of humility, subservience, and emergence.

This root appears to describe someone who is short and ignoble, possibly with a connotation of being base or contemptible. It is used to characterize a person's negative traits.

This root appears to describe something large, imposing, and potentially negative or cunning. It is primarily used to describe women and a cunning, malicious person.

The root عوس primarily relates to nocturnal wandering, seeking, and managing affairs. It extends to descriptions of physical appearance, such as sunken cheeks, and also denotes specific types of animals and crafts.

This root primarily deals with the concept of striking or penetrating, particularly in the context of animal mating. It also extends to describe colors, specifically a whitish hue mixed with redness or yellowness, and is used for specific animals and even a proper name.

The root غبس (ghabs) primarily relates to colors, specifically shades of gray, ash-like, or dark hues. It also extends to concepts of darkness, particularly in the night, and can describe a state of scarcity or infrequency.

This root primarily concerns the act of planting, specifically trees and seedlings. It extends to the things planted, the time of planting, the place of planting, and the act of planting itself. Figuratively, it can mean establishing something, and it also has specific, classical meanings related to a membrane on a newborn and a type of small crow.

This root primarily relates to weakness, baseness, and inferiority, often applied to people or their opinions. It also extends to describe spoiled or unripe fruit, particularly dates, and can denote entering deeply into something or a specific tribe.

This root appears to relate to coldness, freshness, and possibly a type of bird or creature. The primary usage found is in descriptive phrases for cold and sweet water.

This root primarily concerns arrogance, haughtiness, and pride. It extends to related concepts like injustice, conceit, and boastfulness, often manifested in one's demeanor or actions.

This root primarily concerns the dimness and darkness of late night or early morning, often mixed with light. It extends to the act of traveling or arriving at water during this time, and metaphorically to deception or a grave matter.

The root غمس primarily relates to the act of immersing, dipping, or plunging something into a liquid or semi-liquid substance. It extends to concepts of deep involvement, intense action, and hidden or submerged states, often with connotations of danger or consequence.

This root appears to describe something or someone characterized by malice, boldness, and perhaps a stealthy or wicked nature. It is primarily used to describe a wolf, implying cunning and a predatory disposition.

This root primarily relates to the act of plunging, diving, or penetrating deeply. It can also extend to concepts of destruction, defeat, and the stripping away of something.

This root primarily relates to concepts of softness, tenderness, abundance, and the prime of youth and its associated comforts. It describes delicate women, abundant hair, and the flourishing period of life.

This root primarily concerns the concept of an 'axe' and its associated actions. It extends to describe parts of a bridle, the back of the head, and metaphorically, the sharpest or most prominent part of something.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of arrogance, haughtiness, and boasting, often in a negative or excessive manner. It also extends to the idea of something swelling or bursting forth, particularly in the context of clouds releasing rain.

This root primarily relates to the action of taking something with the tongue and mouth, often involving a scraping or rubbing motion. It can describe the act of tasting or licking, and by extension, can refer to a scraping or rubbing action.

This root primarily relates to spiders and their webs, and by extension, to a type of burrow or den.

This root appears to be related to descriptions of strong, rough, or coarse individuals. It also denotes a specific lion and a tribal name.

This root primarily concerns horses, their riders, and related concepts of skill, insight, and action. It extends to the act of killing or breaking, particularly the neck, and metaphorically to keen observation and understanding.

This root primarily relates to a type of plant, a specific type of black date, and geographical locations, most notably Persia and its people. It also extends to terms for animal hooves and a specific bone structure.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a garden, orchard, or fertile valley, often with connotations of abundance and lushness. It extends to descriptions of lush vegetation, particularly grapevines, and can also refer to specific locations or states of being.

This root primarily concerns the snout or nose of certain animals, particularly pigs and elephants. It also extends to descriptions of the snout's shape and actions, such as stretching it out.

This root appears to be related to the sound or action of calling a dog. It is a very limited root with few derived forms.

This root primarily relates to the lion, describing its ferocity and physical characteristics. It also extends to describe a woman's skillful management of her household.