Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns teeth, specifically molars, and the act of biting or chewing. It also extends to the sensation of sensitivity in teeth, particularly when encountering sour tastes, and metaphorically to the 'wisdom teeth' or maturity.

The root 'وهب' (wahaba) primarily relates to the concept of giving and bestowing. It extends to notions of gifting, granting, and the act of bestowing something freely. Derived meanings can also encompass the idea of something being given or granted by nature or fate.

This root appears to describe intense greed and gluttony. It focuses on the excessive desire for food and the act of consuming it voraciously.

This root appears to relate to a specific plant, possibly a type of herb or spice. The entry discusses its name and regional variations in terminology.

The root ضغبس (ḍaghbas) primarily relates to weakness, insignificance, and undesirable qualities. It also extends to specific types of small gourds or edible plants, and metaphorically to weak or contemptible people, and even malevolent jinn.

This root appears to relate to the act of feeding or providing fodder to a camel, specifically by gathering a bundle of dry grass and offering it to the animal.

This root primarily relates to the concept of chewing or grinding something subtly or with difficulty. It also extends to describing something as difficult or hard to deal with, possibly due to a phonetic substitution.

This root describes someone who is weak, ignoble, and easily defeated. It conveys a sense of being feeble in strength and quick to break under pressure.

This root appears to describe someone who is soft, weak, and ignoble. It conveys a sense of lowliness and lack of strength or character.

This root primarily describes a specific manner of eating, characterized by chewing with the front teeth and consuming small amounts of food. It also extends to a curse implying scarcity and difficulty in obtaining sustenance.

This root primarily relates to the vigorous growth and maturation of plants, specifically their initial stage of becoming ready for grazing. It also includes a proper noun for a mountain.

This root primarily relates to the concept of covering or concealing, often with negative connotations of stealth or malice. It also extends to specific place names and descriptions of animals, particularly the wolf, due to its perceived cunning and dark nature.

This root appears to be a rare and possibly vulgar term related to sexual intercourse. It is primarily found in classical Arabic texts and is noted as being obscure or even objectionable by some lexicographers.

This root primarily concerns the concept of origin, lineage, and nobility, often in contrast to baseness or lowliness. It is used to describe someone of ignoble birth or a foundation that is inherently bad or corrupt.

This root primarily concerns writing, documents, and the act of writing or erasing them. It extends to the concept of a document that has been altered or erased, and by extension, something that is refined or chosen.

This root appears to relate to concepts of abundance, excess, and sometimes a state of being loose or flabby. It is used to describe large quantities of water and also a physically relaxed or aged state in animals and humans.

This root primarily relates to concepts of land, sand, and covering, extending to visual perception and appearance. It describes pieces of land or sand, the act of covering or being covered, and intense or narrowed vision.

This root primarily relates to darkness, obscurity, and concealment. It extends to meanings of baseness, meanness, and retraction, as well as the act of erasing or obscuring something. It also has specific meanings related to weather phenomena and food.

This root primarily relates to a type of basin or bowl, often of metal, and its associated meanings. It also extends to concepts of disappearance, going away, and the intensity of battle.

This root appears to be related to the act of sexual intercourse, often used in a euphemistic or indirect manner. It may also carry connotations of being strong or powerful in that context.

This root appears to describe something intensely wicked, malevolent, or monstrous. It is used for exceptionally evil beings, particularly demons and cunning, malicious creatures.

This root primarily concerns concepts of filth, impurity, and death. It describes a person who is dirty or unclean, as well as the state of being soiled or corrupted. It also denotes the act of dying.

This root appears to describe something that is easy, smooth, and gentle. It conveys a sense of effortless passage or a lack of harshness.

The root طلس primarily relates to the concept of erasing, smudging, or obscuring something, often to the point of making it indistinct. It extends to describe things that are worn out, dirty, or faded, particularly clothing and animal hides, and also denotes a type of black or dusky color.

This root primarily describes intense darkness, particularly of the night, and by extension, obscurity or lack of landmarks. It also extends to a meaning related to frowning or a sullen expression.

This root appears to describe the act of moving or transferring from one place to another, specifically a transition or transformation.

This root appears to relate to concepts of baseness, deception, and specific natural phenomena like thin clouds and young sheep. The derived terms describe individuals of low character, falsehood, and certain natural entities.

This root appears to describe something dry, hard, or stale, particularly in relation to food like bread. It conveys a sense of being desiccated or lacking moisture.

This root appears to be related to darkness and a specific term for assisting in difficult births. The lexicographer suggests the 'n' sound is an alteration from 'm'.

This root primarily relates to soft, thick coverings, cushions, or carpets. It extends to concepts of being covered or enveloped, particularly by clouds or excessive clothing, and metaphorically to a deterioration of disposition.

This root pertains to the act of entering deeply into something, particularly the earth. It describes a firm or penetrating immersion.

This root appears to describe something dense, thick, or numerous, particularly in the context of a military force. It conveys a sense of overwhelming mass and density.

The root طوس (ṭaws) primarily relates to concepts of beauty, grace, and pleasant appearance, often associated with walking or moving elegantly. It extends to terms for fine things, including a specific bird, precious metals, and even celestial bodies like the moon and crescent. The root also encompasses notions of being lost or disappearing, and specific locations.

This root primarily denotes abundance and a large quantity of something. It is applied to food, drink, water, numbers of people, and generally anything that is plentiful. It can also refer to vast expanses like sand or dust.

The root 'abs' primarily relates to frowning, scowling, or making a displeased facial expression. It extends to meanings of harshness, severity, and unpleasantness, particularly in relation to days or conditions. It also encompasses terms for things that are dry, stiff, or encrusted, and is used metaphorically for animals and even as a tribal or personal name.

This root appears to be related to describing difficult or formidable situations, as well as specific physical and lineage characteristics of people. It touches upon terms for a calamity, a person of bad character, and someone of mixed or foreign ancestry.

The root عترس (ʿatras) primarily denotes forceful seizure, overpowering, and harshness. It extends to meanings of strong grip, severity, and attributes of a formidable or aggressive nature, applied to both abstract concepts and living beings.

The root عجس (ʿajasa) primarily relates to concepts of firmness, tightness, slowness, and the latter part or end of something. It extends to describe physical attributes like a bow's grip, the end of an arrow, and the slowness of a heavy animal, as well as abstract notions like the darkness of night or being held back.

This root describes something that is strong, large, heavy, and slow. It is primarily used to describe camels, but can also refer to sheep and other large, robust creatures or qualities.

The root 'عدس' primarily relates to forceful treading, hard work, and rapid movement, often in the context of travel or pursuit. It also extends to a type of grain, a deadly pustule, and is used as a name for a donkey/mule and as a tribal name.

This root describes something that is strong, sturdy, and well-built, often referring to physical build or constitution. It can also denote negative qualities like bad temper or shortness and thickness.

This root appears to describe something dry, hard, and accumulated, possibly referring to arid land or dried-up vegetation. It conveys a sense of dryness and density.

This root primarily describes a flat, level stretch of land. It can also be used metaphorically to describe a cunning or shrewd person.

This root primarily describes intensity, strength, and robustness, often applied to powerful animals like lions and camels. It can also denote a state of being firmly established or unyielding.

This root describes the act of withdrawing from a group or conflict due to humility or submission. It implies a yielding or backing down from a dispute or confrontation.

This root appears to relate to the concept of endurance and steadfastness, particularly in the context of a female camel's ability to travel long distances.

This root primarily deals with the concept of things being piled up, accumulated, or densely packed together. It extends to describe darkness, intensity, and a state of being intertwined or mixed.

This root primarily describes hardness, solidity, and strength, often applied to inanimate objects like rocks or to animals, particularly camels, signifying toughness and resilience. It can also extend to describe a well-trained or obedient animal.