Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the concept of giving, bestowing, or gifting, often without expectation of return. It extends to related ideas of emaciation, becoming thin, and also to the act of falsely attributing something, like poetry or a belief, to oneself or another.

The root نخل primarily relates to the act of sifting, purifying, and selecting the best from something, often applied to grain or knowledge. It also extends to the date palm tree and its fruit, and metaphorically to the heart's intentions and the finest parts of things.

The root 'ndl' primarily relates to the act of moving, lifting, or taking something, often with a sense of stealth or quickness. It extends to concepts of stealing, carrying, and even physical actions like scooping or drawing water. Figuratively, it can denote a state of looseness or instability, and it also gives rise to terms for specific objects and places.

This root describes someone who is base, contemptible, and lowly. It encompasses their character, intellect, and overall standing, often implying a lack of honor or worth.

The root نشل primarily relates to the act of quickly extracting or pulling something out, often by hand. This extends to meanings of swift removal, taking food from a pot, and metaphorically, to sexual intercourse and the quick removal of a ring.

This root primarily concerns competition, rivalry, and excelling in activities like archery or racing. It also extends to meanings of outdoing, surpassing, defending, and selecting. Additionally, it encompasses concepts of becoming weak or tired, and the act of drawing something out.

The root نعل primarily relates to covering and protecting the foot, specifically with footwear like sandals. It extends to concepts of protection for animal hooves, shoeing horses, and metaphorically to tough or unyielding ground, as well as parts of objects like swords and bows.

This root primarily describes foolishness and awkwardness, often associated with old age or specific physical characteristics. It also extends to describe a particular gait and, notably, was used as a derogatory epithet for Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph, due to his long beard and perceived resemblance to a specific Egyptian man.

This root primarily relates to the concept of deviation, departure, or moving away from a course or direction. It can also describe a relaxed or languid manner of walking.

This root pertains to the concept of slow or sluggish movement, specifically a slow run or gait. It is related to the root 'عنظل' which also describes a slow pace.

This root primarily concerns the concept of corruption, decay, and spoilage, particularly in materials like leather or wounds. It extends to moral corruption, including illegitimate offspring, deceit, and malice.

This root appears to refer to a specific type of bird. However, its authenticity and usage are questioned by classical lexicographers.

The root نفل (n-f-l) primarily relates to giving, receiving, and the concept of increase or surplus. This encompasses spoils of war, gifts, voluntary acts of worship, and anything extra beyond a basic requirement or original amount.

This root describes a specific manner of walking, characterized by raising dust. It is associated with an elderly or infirm gait.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of deterring, preventing, and causing someone to refrain from an action, often through punishment or making an example. It also extends to meanings of being strong, experienced, or steadfast, and can refer to physical restraints like chains or bridles.

This root appears to relate to weakness and frailty, particularly in old age. It describes a weak or feeble person, often an elderly one.

This root primarily concerns ants and related small creatures. It extends to concepts of movement, restlessness, smallness, and also to minor ailments, defects, and even deceit or lies.

This root primarily concerns the act of drinking, especially the first or initial drink, and the state of being quenched or thirsty. It extends to the place of drinking (watering hole, well) and by extension, any stopping place for travelers. It also encompasses related concepts like satiation, thirst, and even abstract notions like anger or a grave.

This root primarily describes a limping or awkward gait, similar to that of a lame hyena. It also extends to terms for an old man or woman, and a large, robust she-camel.

This root primarily describes the state of being old and infirm, or a vigorous old age. It also extends to names for animals like wolves and falcons, and personal or tribal names.

This root primarily describes the concept of being old or advanced in age, particularly for men. It can also refer to a mature or strong individual.

The root نيل primarily relates to attainment, reaching, or achieving something. It encompasses the act of obtaining, receiving, or coming into possession of something, whether tangible or intangible, and can also refer to proximity or the act of reaching a goal.

This root pertains to speaking, particularly in a hushed, secretive, or indistinct manner. It encompasses concepts of whispering, murmuring, and conveying hidden messages, often associated with gossip or clandestine communication.

This root pertains to concepts of corruption, mixing, and confusion. It describes a state of disarray, impurity, or a jumbled mixture of things, often implying a negative or chaotic outcome.

This root primarily describes low-lying, expansive, or indistinct terrain, often characterized by its flatness or lack of clear features. It extends to concepts of being slow, heavy, or careless, and also includes terms for specific types of terrain, animals, and actions.

This root primarily describes worn-out or old things, particularly clothing. It also extends to concepts of time, places, and natural features that are ancient, vast, or difficult to traverse.

This root primarily describes a specific manner of walking, characterized by a certain gait or stride. It can also refer to a type of stride or gait itself.

This root primarily describes a manner of walking, specifically a mixed or uneven gait. It can also refer to large, robust camels, likely due to their imposing stride.

This root appears to describe a slow, dragging, or relaxed gait, often associated with heaviness or a lack of energy in movement. It can also imply a state of being loose or slack.

This root primarily describes something or someone that is tall, large, and imposing in stature. It is used to denote a tall person and, by extension, can refer to anything of significant size or length.

This root primarily refers to the historical figure of Heraclius, a Byzantine emperor. It also extends to concepts associated with his reign, such as coinage and royal succession, and metaphorically to things of great value or origin.

This root primarily describes a large, heavy, and imposing physique, particularly in women, characterized by wide hips and a substantial body. It also extends to a slow, proud, and somewhat ostentatious manner of walking, and metaphorically to rough seas with large waves.

This root primarily relates to concepts of decay, dilapidation, and destruction. It also extends to meanings of cutting, plucking, and spoiling, often applied to hair, clothing, or actions.

This root describes a specific gait, a type of running or fast walking that is quicker than normal walking but slower than full running. It is often used metaphorically to denote speed and promptness, especially in divine response.

This root primarily concerns the concept of not being serious, joking, or playing, as opposed to being earnest or grave. It extends to meanings of weakness, emaciation, poverty, and scarcity, particularly related to livestock and general conditions.

This root primarily describes something insignificant, trivial, or of little value. It can also refer to extreme poverty or a state of being empty.

This root appears to be related to a proper noun, specifically the name Heraclius (هرقل) and a place associated with it, 'Dayr al-Hazqal'. The root itself does not seem to have independent semantic derivations beyond its connection to this name.

This root primarily concerns the act of taking and using something, particularly a camel, without explicit permission, with the intention of returning it afterwards. It also touches upon the idea of generosity and providing for those in need.

This root primarily relates to concepts of abundance, largeness, and a multitude of people, particularly in a military context. It also extends to descriptions of physical size and maturity in animals and women, and in one instance, a type of cooking pot.

This root appears to describe something short, stout, and possibly dark in color. It is primarily used to describe a type of person or animal.