Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root ثعل (tha'ala) primarily relates to the concept of overlapping, protruding, or being extra. This is most commonly seen in the context of teeth, where an extra or overlapping tooth is described. It extends to describe physical protrusions or extra parts in animals (like udders), and metaphorically to things that are numerous, large, or overwhelming.

This root primarily concerns the concept of loss, specifically the death of a child or spouse. It encompasses the act of losing a loved one, the state of being bereaved, and expressions of grief or misfortune.

This root primarily relates to groups or large quantities, particularly of sheep, but extends to groups of people, abundant wealth, and the physical act of demolition or destruction. It also encompasses concepts of ruin, collapse, and the sound of flowing water.

This root appears to describe something or someone that is dirty, filthy, or impure. It is primarily used as an adjective to characterize a person or object as being unclean.

This root primarily relates to the concept of spreading out or lying flat on the ground. It also appears in proper nouns, specifically names of mountains and places.

The root ثول (th-w-l) primarily relates to concepts of gathering, congregation, and abundance. It extends to describe groups of insects like bees, large numbers of locusts, or crowds of people. Additionally, it denotes a specific type of illness affecting sheep, characterized by disorientation and physical symptoms, and also refers to slowness or sluggishness.

This root primarily refers to the sheath or penis of male animals like camels, goats, and bulls, and can extend to humans. It also denotes a type of creeping, ground-covering plant, often found near water, with various descriptions regarding its appearance and growth.

This root primarily relates to the act of gathering or collecting. It is also used to refer to a hyena, possibly due to its scavenging or gathering nature. Additionally, it denotes intense fear or panic.

This root entry is exceptionally brief and focuses solely on the proper noun 'Jibril' (Gabriel). It discusses the etymology and variations of this name, identifying it as the name of the Holy Spirit.

This root describes a person who is rough, uncouth, or ill-mannered. It also extends to terms for a large quantity of something, particularly in the context of evil or commotion.

The root جثل (j-th-l) primarily relates to abundance, thickness, and density, particularly concerning plants, hair, and clothing. It also extends to concepts of being full, plump, or even agitated and ready for action.

This root appears to relate to concepts of largeness, particularly in the belly, and by extension, to roughness or coarseness of disposition.

The root جحل (j-h-l) primarily relates to concepts of largeness, robustness, and intensity. It encompasses terms for large or formidable creatures like lizards, beetles, and bees, as well as descriptions of people and animals with imposing physical characteristics. The root also extends to meanings of being struck down, poisoned, or having sunken eyes.

The root جحدل primarily relates to the concepts of throwing down, prostrating, gathering, and collecting. It also extends to meanings of fullness, abundance, and a specific type of movement or gathering, particularly in the context of animals or vehicles.

This root primarily describes something that is fast and agile, particularly in movement. It can refer to a swift individual or an animal that moves quickly and energetically.

This root primarily describes large, numerous, and powerful entities, particularly armies and leaders. It extends to concepts of gathering, physical attributes like wide sides or thick lips, and the act of throwing or overthrowing.

This root describes a state of being stout, plump, and well-built, often associated with youth and robustness. It conveys a sense of solid, healthy fleshiness.

This root primarily concerns the base or origin of something, particularly a tree trunk or stump. It also extends to meanings of being firm, upright, and by extension, joyful or delighted. The concept of a fixed point or support is also present.

This root primarily describes rough, stony, and solid ground. It also extends to the stones themselves, particularly those found in such terrain. Additionally, it encompasses terms related to the color and quality of wine, and some animal names.

This root appears to relate to concepts of largeness, thickness, and robustness, particularly when describing animals like camels or people. It also has a less common usage related to the act of scooping or gathering something with one's hand.

The root جزل (j-z-l) primarily relates to the concepts of thickness, robustness, and abundance, particularly concerning wood, opinions, and provisions. It extends to meanings of cutting or dividing into large pieces, and in a specialized context, refers to a specific condition of a camel's saddle area or a metrical foot in Arabic poetry. The root also encompasses terms for a type of plant and a proper noun.

This root appears to describe something large, coarse, or rough, particularly in reference to a person's physique or disposition. It is associated with being harsh, ill-tempered, and physically imposing.

This root primarily describes something large, strong, and robust, particularly applied to camels and men. It conveys a sense of bulkiness and sturdiness.

This root primarily relates to the act of overturning, throwing down, or felling, often in the context of combat or riding. It can also describe a state of being overturned or a person who has been killed and is bloated.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of gathering, collecting, and bringing things together. It also extends to meanings related to patience, moderation, and refinement, often in the context of actions or appearance. Additionally, it encompasses terms for melted fat and specific types of accounting.

This root appears to be related to specific types of flesh or meat, particularly that found within shells or oysters. It may also extend to the concept of something being thick or substantial.

This root appears to relate to the concept of a large, strong, or aged female animal, specifically a hyena or a camel.

This root primarily describes large, rough, or unrefined wooden objects, particularly containers like large cups or troughs. It also extends to the idea of something being coarse or unpolished.

This root appears to be rare and possibly related to the concept of being large, stout, or substantial. It may also denote a type of tree or plant.

This root appears to be related to plants and possibly to shortness or stoutness. The primary entry discusses a specific plant found in the Levant, while a secondary, less common derived form refers to a short person.

This root primarily concerns stones, particularly large ones, and places characterized by them. It extends to concepts of strength and robustness, and is also used for proper names of people and places.

This root primarily concerns the concept of ignorance, encompassing a lack of knowledge, understanding, or awareness. It also extends to the act of feigning ignorance, being considered ignorant, and the state or period of ignorance, particularly before Islam.

This root primarily relates to concepts of ugliness, large size, and agedness, particularly in reference to women and mountain goats.

The root 'جول' primarily denotes movement, encompassing concepts like wandering, roaming, circling, and passing through. It also extends to meanings related to change, decline, and the passage of time, as well as physical aspects like the sides of things or terrain affected by wind.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a generation, class, or kind of people. It extends to specific groups, nations, or tribes, and can also refer to a specific type of person or a collective entity. In a more specialized sense, it can denote a group appointed for a specific task or a type of stone.

The root حبل (ḥbl) primarily denotes a rope or cord, serving as a physical connection. This core meaning extends metaphorically to abstract concepts like covenants, bonds, and means of support or salvation. It also encompasses related physical attributes like veins and specific anatomical features.

This root primarily relates to ropes, cords, and ties, encompassing their physical form and metaphorical extensions like relationships, bonds, and means of sustenance. It also extends to concepts of pregnancy and the umbilical cord, as well as geographical locations.

This root appears to describe something or someone that is small in body or stature. It is primarily used as an adjective to denote a lack of physical bulk.

This root appears to describe physical characteristics, specifically shortness, stoutness, and thick lips. It seems to focus on a compact, somewhat heavy build.