Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily relates to the city of Saluq and things associated with it, particularly dogs and swords. It also extends to a specific, unusual medical condition.

This root appears to be related to terms describing an old woman. The variations in the root letters suggest different pronunciations or slight nuances in the meaning, all pointing to the concept of an aged female.

This root primarily denotes height, elevation, and length, applied to plants, trees, and even people. It also extends to concepts of purity and intensity, as well as specific agricultural and tool-related terms.

This root primarily describes thin membranes or layers, particularly those found on the head, over bones, or in nature. It also extends to describe something slender and elongated.

This root appears to be related to various aromatic plants and herbs. It is used to denote specific types of plants, possibly with medicinal or fragrant properties.

This root primarily describes flat, barren, and desolate land. It extends to describe things that are pure, unadulterated, or infertile, often by analogy to this barren land. It also carries connotations of poor quality or unpleasantness.

This root primarily concerns the state of being overfull, bloated, or excessively sated, particularly after eating or drinking too much. It also extends to describe a state of being stuffed or overwhelmed, and has derived meanings related to specific geographical features like hills or mounds.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of container, often a chest or box. It also encompasses the idea of being well-built or solid, possibly deriving from the sturdiness of such containers.

This root primarily relates to small, fragrant plants, specifically myrtle, and by extension, to pleasant scents and fine, delicate things.

This root primarily describes intense wind and dust storms, and by extension, things that are abundant, overflowing, or excessively long and tall. It also extends to describe a person who is tall and stout, and metaphorically, a liar.

This root primarily refers to types of falcons, specifically the saker falcon or peregrine falcon. It also extends to describe a lively, cautious, and cunning person, and has a rare meaning related to a specific night of fire-lighting. The terms are of Persian origin.

This root primarily concerns intense sexual desire and the urge for sexual intercourse. It describes a state of heightened lust, applicable to both humans and animals, and can be used to denote a person experiencing such strong urges.

This root appears to be related to a specific, possibly obscure, word whose exact spelling and meaning are uncertain. The text discusses variations in its orthography, suggesting potential confusion between similar-sounding letters.

This root primarily concerns the side of the mouth, its dimensions, and related physical attributes. It extends to describe a wide mouth, eloquence, and boastful speech, often using the mouth's capacity as a metaphor.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a bracelet or bangle, with some derived terms referring to a type of falcon. It also includes a less common meaning related to grasping with fingers.

The root 'شرق' primarily relates to the concept of redness, intense color, and something being filled or obstructed. It extends to meanings of choking, gagging, and experiencing difficulty, often associated with water or other substances entering the throat. It also encompasses terms for specific colors, geographical locations, and even types of birds and idols.

This root appears to be a variant or less common form related to cutting or tearing, specifically in reference to fabric. It is explicitly stated as a linguistic variation of another root.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of bird, the 'sharshiq'. It may also extend to related concepts of water or drinking, though this specific entry is very brief.

This root appears to relate to shedding or peeling, specifically referring to snake skins. It also includes a bird name that seems unrelated to the primary meaning.

This root primarily concerns the concept of fear, apprehension, and concern, often stemming from a desire to advise or protect someone. It also extends to the twilight phenomenon in the sky and, metaphorically, to low quality or scarcity.

This root appears to describe a specific type of playful physical interaction, particularly a game or a maneuver involving striking someone from behind to knock them down. It also relates to the concept of being experienced or skilled in such activities.

This root primarily relates to splitting, dividing, or creating a gap. It extends to describe physical separations like ravines or spaces between sand dunes, as well as metaphorical divisions in speech or character. It also encompasses terms for specific animals, plants, and even places.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of bird known as the 'ash-shuqraaq' or 'al-akhayyal'. It also discusses variations in its name and its perceived omen among Arab tribes.

This root primarily discusses a type of small fish found in the rivers of Basra, noting its non-Arabic origin. It also extends to meanings related to striking with a whip or similar object, and a specific term for a laying hen.

This root appears to be related to terms for an old woman, possibly with connotations of being worn out or aged.

This root primarily describes states of excitement, high spirits, or a wild, unrestrained nature, often associated with madness or intense energy. It also extends to physical descriptions of tallness and robustness, and in some derived forms, refers to specific bodily fluids or worn-out items.

This root appears to describe negative qualities, specifically focusing on ill-temperament and extreme old age, often associated with unpleasantness or decrepitude.

The root 'شنق' primarily relates to the concept of stretching, pulling, or hanging something upwards, often associated with the neck or head. It extends to meanings of length, height, and also to specific legal and financial terms concerning livestock and compensation.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of cloth or rag, particularly one used by women for practical purposes.

This entry discusses a loanword of Persian origin related to large or imposing entities. It primarily defines terms for large women.

This root primarily concerns sounds of distress, gasping, and intense vocalizations, often associated with crying, anger, or pain. It extends to concepts of elevation, particularly in relation to mountains and high places, and can also describe intense emotions like rage.

This root primarily refers to a spindle or bobbin used in weaving and related crafts. It also extends to the action of winding or revolving around such an object, often with a sense of circular motion.

This root primarily concerns the concept of longing, yearning, and desire for something or someone. It also extends to the idea of stimulating or evoking such feelings in others, and metaphorically, to stretching or fastening something.

The root شيق primarily relates to concepts of attachment, attraction, and longing. It also extends to describe specific physical features like the tail of an animal, parts of a mountain, and even certain types of birds and fish.

This root primarily concerns thinness, specifically referring to thin sheets or wafers, often made of bread. It also extends to describe fine or high-quality silk.

This root primarily describes physical weakness, lack of wealth, and low social standing. It extends to people lacking expertise or knowledge, and also refers to specific groups of people with obscure origins or social status.

This root primarily concerns striking, clapping, and transactions. It extends to concepts of movement, travel, and the passage of time, as well as significant events or calamities.

This root appears to be related to a specific plant, possibly with a sweet or paste-like quality. It is cited in classical Arabic grammar and lexicography as an example.

This root primarily concerns loud, sharp sounds, particularly cries of distress, pain, or anger. It extends to meanings of striking forcefully, and also describes certain physical states like rolling or being in pain, and specific geographical or culinary terms.

This root appears to be a variant of the root سملق, referring to a smooth, flat plain or ground. It is discussed in terms of its linguistic derivation and pronunciation.