Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root رقق (raqq) primarily relates to thinness, delicacy, and gentleness. It extends to concepts of softening, making something fine or subtle, and also to tenderness of heart and a light, swift pace, particularly in horses.

The root رمق (rmq) primarily relates to the concept of remaining life, the last breath, or a minimal sustenance that keeps one alive. It extends to meanings of looking intently, observing, or a weak or insufficient state, whether of life, a thing, or an action.

This root primarily concerns the concept of turbidity, cloudiness, or muddiness, often applied to water, but also metaphorically to life or vision. It extends to meanings of being unsettled, hesitant, or stagnant, and also to specific actions like fluttering or hovering.

The root رهق (rhq) primarily denotes approaching, reaching, or overwhelming someone or something. This encompasses concepts like catching up, covering, burdening, and nearing a state or time. It also extends to meanings of ignorance, foolishness, and sin, often linked to being overwhelmed or approaching negative states.

This root primarily relates to the peak, summit, or prime of something, often associated with youth, beauty, or excellence. It can also denote the act of observing, looking out, or discerning, and in a specific context, signifies a superior purchase.

This root primarily concerns the concept of flowing, pouring, or dripping, often related to liquids like water or tears. It extends to meanings of the mouth's moisture, the best or first part of something, and metaphorically to falsehood or vanity.

The root زبرق (z-b-r-q) primarily relates to brightness, shining, and yellow or reddish colors. It is associated with celestial bodies like the moon, specific nights of the lunar month, and also with personal adornment and descriptions of people, including a famous Arab dignitary.

This root describes someone with a bad or unpleasant disposition. The derived terms specifically denote a person of ill-temper or poor character.

The root زحلق (zaḥlaqa) primarily relates to the concept of sliding, slipping, or moving downwards, often in a playful or uncontrolled manner. It encompasses the act of sliding, the traces left by sliding, and places or surfaces conducive to sliding.

This root primarily relates to truthfulness and accuracy, particularly in speech. It signifies being truthful, honest, and speaking the most accurate or correct statement. The root also touches upon the concept of intention or purpose, akin to 'aiming for' or 'intending'.

The root زرق (z-r-q) primarily relates to shades of blue and green, particularly in the eyes. It extends to concepts of clarity, purity, and sharpness, as well as specific physical attributes like white markings on animals or a particular type of spear. The root also encompasses meanings related to thirst, deception, and specific historical groups.

This root appears to relate to the act of cutting or separating something, specifically in the context of tailoring or preparing fabric. It describes the process of fashioning or cutting a garment.

The root ZRDQ primarily relates to the concept of a line, row, or formation. It can refer to a thread, a line of people standing, or a row of palm trees.

This root primarily concerns the concept of speed and swiftness. It describes rapid movement, particularly in the context of travel, and includes terms for fast animals and the act of accelerating.

This root entry primarily discusses a specific type of garment, a cloak or robe, often made of wool. Its origin is debated, with suggestions of Persian or Hebrew etymology, and it is described as a foreign word that has been Arabized.

This root primarily concerns structures and devices related to wells and water, including wooden or stone supports, beams, and the mechanisms for drawing water. It also extends to meanings related to small streams, financial transactions (specifically a type of sale), and potentially the act of wearing clothes.

This root primarily concerns bitter, harsh, or intensely salty substances, particularly water and food. It also extends to meanings related to fear, fright, and sudden alarm, as well as energetic or swift movement and vocalization, like shouting or driving animals.

The root Z-'-B-Q appears to relate to scattering, dispersing, or spreading out. It describes things becoming separated or thrown about, often in a disorganized manner.

This root describes a person who is stingy and ill-tempered. It also refers to a specific type of bird.

This root appears to relate to the concept of speed or swiftness. The derived terms describe rapid movement or quickness.

The root زقق primarily relates to the act of feeding young birds by regurgitation, but extends to concepts of removal, preparation of skins, and narrow passages. It also encompasses sounds made by birds and children, and a type of water bird.

The root 'زلق' primarily relates to slipping, sliding, and smoothness. It extends to concepts of instability, falling, and also to swiftness and sharpness, particularly in vision. It can also refer to physical attributes like smoothness of the ground or body, and even to specific actions like shaving or premature birth.

This root appears to be a variant or related to the root زبق (zbq), primarily concerning the act of applying or handling something, possibly like mercury or a similar substance. It also extends to describing a person of bad character.

This root describes lightness, swiftness, and a lack of control or stability. It can refer to a person who is flighty, quick, or evasive, and also to a specific type of sexual dysfunction.

This root primarily relates to restraint, binding, and constriction, often in the context of controlling animals or navigating narrow spaces. It extends to concepts of tightness, firmness, and even a type of restraint used for punishment or control.

The root 'zanabaqa' primarily relates to fragrant oils, specifically jasmine oil, and also to musical instruments like flutes or pipes. It can also refer to a nickname for wine.

This root primarily concerns the concept of heresy, specifically referring to dualists or materialists who deny the afterlife and the Creator. It also has a secondary meaning related to extreme stinginess.

This root primarily concerns intense laughter, often to the point of being uncontrollable. It also extends to meanings related to unintelligible speech and the gentle rocking or soothing of a child.

This root primarily concerns the concept of a foul, putrid, or offensive smell, particularly emanating from the body or decaying substances. It can also extend to a general sense of foulness or corruption.

This root primarily relates to adornment, decoration, and embellishment, often with a connotation of artificiality or superficiality. It extends to the concept of beautifying or refining speech and writing, and also has a specific meaning related to mercury, which was used in gilding and decoration.

This root primarily relates to adornment, embellishment, and the edges or borders of garments, particularly the neckline and collar of a shirt. It also appears in a few specific proper nouns and a potentially corrupted term for a natural phenomenon.

This root primarily deals with the concept of counterfeit or fake items, particularly currency. It also extends to describe garments, specifically long-sleeved fur garments, with a Persian origin.

This root primarily denotes intense crushing, grinding, or pulverizing. It extends to concepts of wearing away, becoming worn out, and also signifies distance, remoteness, and extreme length, particularly in relation to physical objects or places.

This root primarily relates to the concept of truthfulness and sincerity, extending to verification and confirmation. It also encompasses a specific plant with a strong stem and unique properties.

This root primarily deals with words of Persian origin related to falcons and a specific type of plant. It also includes a term for a night of burning and a word for a bracelet.

The root سرق (s-r-q) primarily denotes the act of stealing, taking something secretly and illicitly. It extends to related concepts like stealth, hiddenness, and even metaphorical theft, such as stealing glances or sounds. The root also encompasses terms for specific types of silk and places.

This root primarily concerns the concept of encompassing, surrounding, or enclosing something. It is often used to describe structures that encircle a building or space, such as tents, walls, or even the metaphorical enclosure of punishment or dust.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of plant. It appears to be a specialized term with limited derived meanings.

This root appears to relate to a specific, noxious plant found in high mountains. It is characterized by its unpleasant smell, lack of leaves, and a sticky, clear sap that exudes when a branch is broken. The plant is also noted for its luminescence and that bees avoid it.

This root appears to relate to a specific, rare tribal or place name, possibly derived from a pattern indicating something unusual or rare. It is primarily associated with a specific lineage or location mentioned in classical poetry.

This root primarily relates to the act of striking, clapping, or closing something forcefully. It also extends to meanings of thickness, boldness, and infrequent milking.

This root primarily relates to patterns, lines, or streaks, particularly those found on a sword, often described as its 'method' or 'way'. It also extends to the droppings of birds and, metaphorically, to resemblance or a clear path.

This root primarily relates to the act of defecating, particularly by birds. It also extends to the sound a bird makes and, metaphorically, to speaking ill of someone or being a backbiter.