Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root شعف primarily denotes the highest point or peak of something, extending to the summit of mountains, hair, or even the heart. It also encompasses intense love or passion that reaches the core, and by extension, extreme fear or panic.

The root شغف primarily relates to the innermost layer or covering of the heart, often metaphorically extended to deep affection or obsession. It also encompasses concepts of disease affecting this area and, by extension, intense emotional states or preoccupations.

The root 'شفف' primarily relates to the concept of thinness, transparency, and attenuation, extending to emotional states like intense longing or grief that cause weakening. It also encompasses notions of excess, gain, loss, and the biting sensation of cold or heat.

This root primarily relates to broken pottery or earthenware. It describes the state of being shattered or fragmented, specifically referring to pieces of fired clay.

This root appears to describe something or someone with a disordered or irregular physical form or creation. It suggests a lack of proper shaping or structure.

This root appears to describe something that is restless, agitated, or moving erratically. It is primarily used in classical Arabic to denote a state of disquiet or instability.

This root pertains to the concept of being tall or elongated. It describes physical stature and can also be used metaphorically for things that are stretched out or extended.

This root describes something as being solid, strong, and tall. It is primarily used to describe camels and men, emphasizing their imposing stature and robust build.

This root describes a horse that is inclined or leaning, particularly in its head carriage, often due to high spirits or energy. It can also refer to a horse that is tall or imposing.

This root primarily describes something long and slender, often associated with physical weakness or inability. It also extends to geographical features, specifically rocky outcrops or mountain heads.

This root appears to describe things that are long, slender, and perhaps unsteady or loosely formed. It is applied to plant parts and to the physical build of a person.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of bird. The primary derived lemmas describe this bird and its characteristics.

The root 'شوف' primarily relates to the concept of seeing, looking, and observing. It extends to meanings of revealing, clarifying, and making something clear or polished. Derived forms also encompass concepts of adornment, eagerness, and elevated or exposed positions.

This root primarily concerns written documents, scrolls, and books. It extends to the physical appearance of things, such as the face of the earth or skin, and also encompasses errors in writing or transcription.

This root relates to the act of digging or excavating the earth. It also refers to the tool used for such work.

This root primarily concerns the concept of turning away, deviating, or averting from something. It extends to meanings of inclination, crookedness, and also geographical features like mountain sides and specific locations. Additionally, it encompasses natural objects like shells and certain animals.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of purity, unmixedness, and essence. It extends to meanings of turning, diverting, and changing direction, as well as specific applications in poetry and descriptions of colors and objects.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being arranged, lined up, or set in order. It often implies a deliberate or chosen arrangement, particularly in rows or ranks.

This root primarily relates to a type of Yemeni wine or fermented beverage made from grapes or honey. It also describes someone addicted to this drink and a small bird.

This root primarily concerns the concept of arranging things in a line or row, particularly in military formations, prayer, or spatial arrangement. It extends to concepts of alignment, facing, and even the physical arrangement of body parts or objects. Derivatives also cover specific types of food preparation and architectural features.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a roof or ceiling, and by extension, things that cover or are elevated. It also encompasses related actions like covering or constructing.

This root primarily concerns exceeding limits, particularly in skill or appearance, often coupled with arrogance or unpleasantness. It extends to meanings of being disliked, lacking substance, or being barren, and also refers to specific anatomical or geographical terms.

This root primarily concerns the concept of types, kinds, sorts, and varieties of things. It extends to the act of classifying, distinguishing, and categorizing items. Additionally, it describes specific parts of garments, like edges or corners, and can refer to a portion or group within a larger entity.

The root 'صوف' primarily relates to wool, specifically sheep's wool, and its characteristics. It extends to describe abundance of wool, and metaphorically, things resembling wool or its texture. It also encompasses terms related to specific tribes and actions associated with them, as well as figurative uses for grip and deviation.

The root صيف (ṣayf) primarily denotes the summer season. It extends to concepts associated with summer, such as summer rain, summer vegetation, and activities undertaken during summer. It also encompasses related ideas like heat, abundance, and even specific types of military expeditions or provisions.

This root primarily concerns a specific type of tree and its fruit, resembling figs. It also touches upon the concept of being pleasing or delightful, though this latter sense is less emphasized in the provided text.

This root appears to relate to the concept of lush, verdant growth, particularly in pastures and gardens. It describes a state of flourishing vegetation.

This root primarily relates to the act of milking, specifically by hand and with the whole hand, often implying a large udder. It extends to concepts of abundance, gathering, and abundance of water or people. It also encompasses meanings related to scarcity, hardship, and haste.

This root primarily relates to deviating or swerving from something. It describes an act of turning aside or inclining away from a particular course or object.

The root ضيف (ḍ-y-f) primarily concerns the concept of being a guest or hosting a guest, involving concepts of hospitality, visiting, and receiving. It extends to related ideas of seeking hospitality, offering shelter, and even metaphorical applications like leaning on something or being drawn to something.

This root appears to relate to a specific type of food or plant, possibly a bean, originating from Yemen. There is a discussion about potential phonetic variations or substitutions of letters within the word.

The root طخف (ṭakhf) primarily relates to elevated, thin clouds, and also encompasses feelings of distress or sadness that affect the heart. It can also refer to specific locations and, in a derived form, to something intense or severe.

This root pertains to the thin, flowing part of butter, specifically its watery or less solid component. It can also refer to a specific type of bird excrement.

This root appears to relate to concepts of perfection, completeness, and beauty, particularly in a youthful or pristine state. It describes something that is fully developed, excellent, and unblemished.

This root pertains to the act of moving or walking through the land, often with a sense of aimless or forceful treading. It can also refer to a specific manner of walking characterized by striking the ground with the feet.

This root primarily deals with concepts of approaching, nearing, and becoming visible or accessible. It extends to meanings of being abundant, overflowing, or reaching the brim, and by extension, to deficiency, falling short, or cheating in measure. It also encompasses geographical terms for shores and borders.

This root appears to describe intensity, particularly in the context of striking or hunger. It conveys a sense of severity and harshness.

This root describes something that is intense, severe, or extreme. It is primarily used to denote the severity of blows, stabs, or hardship like hunger.

The root طنف primarily relates to accusation and suspicion, extending to the concept of being involved or implicated in something. It also describes physical protrusions, particularly from mountains or walls, and architectural features like eaves or overhangs.

This root primarily relates to plants, specifically types of grass or grain, and their edible parts. It also extends to concepts of delicacy, thinness, and elevated or fine parts of things, as well as protection and adornment.

The root طوف (ṭūf) primarily relates to circling, going around, and encompassing. It extends to concepts of visiting, approaching, and surrounding, often with a sense of stealth or night-time activity. It also encompasses broader meanings like widespread inundation, large numbers, and even abstract concepts like madness or divine punishment.

This root primarily concerns apparitions, visions, and hallucinations, particularly those experienced during sleep or attributed to supernatural influences like demons or jinn. It extends to the concept of a fleeting or intrusive presence, and metaphorically to intense emotions or madness.

This root primarily deals with the concept of driving away, expelling, or repelling someone or something forcefully. It implies a strong and often burdensome act of pushing away.