Mukhtarus al-Sihah (Al-Razi, d. 666H)

This root primarily describes the act of a female camel becoming stubborn, halting, and refusing to move without any apparent physical ailment. It is contrasted with similar behaviors in other animals.

This root primarily relates to the slow, heavy, or persistent movement of a camel, and by extension, the latter part of a lunar month.

This root primarily relates to the act of striking or beating, often with a stick or similar implement. It conveys a sense of forceful impact.

The root درء (d-r-ʾ) primarily concerns the concept of pushing away, repelling, or warding off. It extends to meanings of sudden appearance, intensity, and even refers to specific objects or actions related to defense and hunting.

This root primarily concerns the concept of warmth, heat, and the comfort derived from it. It extends to the physical warmth generated by animals, particularly camels, and the benefits obtained from them, including their milk. The root also encompasses the idea of closeness or proximity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of jostling, pushing, or crowding against someone or something. It extends to the idea of being overwhelmed or burdened, particularly by debts.

This root primarily concerns concepts of baseness, lowliness, meanness, and inferiority. It extends to physical deformities like hunchbackedness and moral failings such as being wicked or having defects.

This root primarily concerns the concept of illness, disease, and affliction. It describes the state of being sick, the act of causing sickness, and the general notion of a malady.

This root primarily describes the process of food becoming tender and falling off the bone, often through cooking. It also extends to the idea of decay, corruption, or breaking apart, particularly in the context of wounds or sores.

This root primarily describes the act of shimmering, gleaming, or sparkling, often associated with light or the eyes. It can also refer to the rapid movement or rolling of the eyes.

This root primarily concerns the concept of watching, observing, or guarding from a vantage point. It extends to the idea of being a scout or lookout, and metaphorically, to being aware of or concerned about something.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of tightening, strangling, and a specific gait in animals. It describes the act of making something firm or constricted, as well as a lively, trotting movement.

This root primarily deals with the concepts of curdling, thickening, and mixing. It extends to the idea of confusion or disorder, and metaphorically, to soothing or calming anger.

This root primarily concerns the concept of delaying, postponing, or deferring something. It also extends to the idea of a pregnant animal nearing its birth.

This root primarily deals with the concept of something being defective, corrupt, or spoiled. It also extends to the meaning of providing support, assistance, or being a helper.

This root primarily concerns calamities, misfortunes, and afflictions. It also extends to the idea of diminishing or taking away something, particularly wealth or resources, and by extension, can refer to a generous person from whom good is obtained.

This root pertains to the young of certain animals, specifically a gazelle fawn that has begun to move and walk independently. It describes a stage of development and mobility in young ungulates.

This root primarily describes a state of foolishness or dullness. It is used to characterize someone as simple-minded, slow-witted, or lacking in intelligence.

This root primarily concerns the concept of mending, repairing, and joining things together. It extends to notions of reconciliation, agreement, and bringing things closer, whether physically or metaphorically.

This root primarily concerns the cessation of bleeding or weeping, implying a calming or soothing effect. It extends to the idea of resting or being gentle with oneself, and metaphorically to the appeasement of blood feuds.

This root pertains to the concept of camels staying or settling in a place. It specifically describes the act of camels remaining in a location for a period.

This root primarily concerns concepts of hesitation, slowness, and indecisiveness. It also extends to descriptions of things that are about to happen or are in a state of preparation, particularly in relation to rain or movement.

This root primarily relates to the act of looking into something carefully and deliberately, often implying contemplation and withholding a hasty response. It also has a secondary meaning related to a type of tree.

This root primarily describes a state of shrinking, becoming small, or feeling intimidated in the presence of someone else. It conveys a sense of self-diminishment due to fear or awe.

This root primarily relates to wealth, abundance, and promptness, particularly concerning money and payment. It also extends to a specific action of a female camel expelling her young.

This root primarily relates to the concept of ascending, approaching, or drawing near. It also extends to meanings of being short, constricted, or having a pressing need, particularly in a physical sense.

This root pertains to the act of calling or urging an animal, specifically a donkey, with a particular sound or word. It also encompasses the idea of approaching or bringing something near, often in the context of a proverb.

This root primarily concerns the act of buying or acquiring something, specifically wine, for the purpose of drinking it. It emphasizes the purchase of wine due to its high quality, making it expensive.

This root primarily concerns the egg-laying process of insects, specifically locusts. It also extends to the egg itself and the concept of a place being fertile or abundant with such eggs.

This root primarily concerns the concept of badness, evil, harm, and ugliness. It encompasses negative states, actions, and qualities, often contrasted with goodness and pleasure.

This root primarily concerns the concept of something being bad, evil, or unpleasant. It extends to the idea of something being difficult or causing distress, and also has a specific, classical meaning related to milk.

This root pertains to the act of calling or summoning, particularly animals like a donkey. It encompasses the specific vocalizations used for this purpose.

This root primarily concerns the emergence, growth, and edges of plants and vegetation. It also extends to the sides or banks of valleys and, metaphorically, to the act of tightening a saddle.

This root primarily relates to the concept of splitting, parting, or separating. It is used to describe the eruption of a camel's tooth, the parting of hair, and the act of striking something to divide it.

This root primarily concerns the concept of hatred, dislike, and aversion. It extends to encompass ugliness, particularly in appearance, and also has a less common meaning related to acceptance or affirmation.

This root primarily relates to the early stages of development or emergence, particularly in young animals before they are fully formed or open their eyes. It also extends to concepts of hesitation, fear, or a state of being incomplete or unsuccessful, such as a plant failing to pollinate.

This root primarily concerns the concept of emergence, appearance, or rising, particularly in relation to celestial bodies, physical growth, and also the act of changing one's religious affiliation.

This root primarily deals with the concept of rust, tarnish, or a dull, discolored appearance. It extends to metaphorical meanings of disgrace, shame, and a dark or reddish-brown hue in animals.

This root primarily relates to the expulsion of afterbirth or waste material from an animal, particularly sheep. It also extends to the concept of washing and scrubbing something vigorously, especially the head, to remove dirt.

This root primarily denotes the concept of origin, lineage, or fundamental essence. It refers to the original stock or foundation from which something or someone derives.

This root primarily concerns the concept of hiding, concealing, or lying low. It extends to notions of clinging to the ground, seeking refuge, and suppressing information.

This root primarily concerns the concept of abundance, particularly in offspring or wealth. It also extends to the idea of origin, lineage, or inherent nature.

This root primarily concerns the concept of light, illumination, and radiance. It describes the act of shining, becoming bright, and causing something to emit light. The derived terms encompass both the abstract concept of light and the physical manifestation of it, often associated with fire or celestial bodies.

This root primarily deals with the concept of resemblance, likeness, or imitation. It describes the act of making something similar to another, often with a connotation of falsification or attempting to match something superior.

This root primarily concerns the concept of lowering, bending, or stooping, often in a physical or metaphorical sense of humility or submission. It describes the action of lowering one's head, a low-lying terrain, and the act of humbling oneself before others.

This root appears to relate to the act of expelling or casting out something from the interior of the body, specifically the stomach or gut. It describes the process of vomiting or disgorging contents.

This root primarily concerns the concept of arriving or appearing unexpectedly, especially from another place. It describes something that happens suddenly or emerges onto a scene.