Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the act of sucking, particularly of milk by an infant or young animal from its mother. It extends to related concepts like taking, consuming, and metaphorically, sexual intercourse. It also encompasses terms for specific plants, their parts, and descriptive adjectives for complexion and texture.

This root primarily discusses a plant or fruit, referred to as 'al-mank' or 'al-manj'. Descriptions vary, suggesting it might be a small nut, a leafless shrub with green stalks used for making baskets, or a fruit that causes intoxication.

The root مهج (m-h-j) primarily relates to the essence, core, or vital fluid of something, particularly the heart's blood or the soul. It extends to concepts of purity, refinement, and the finest part of a substance, such as milk or fat. It can also denote a state of recovery or improvement in appearance after illness.

This root primarily describes the movement of water, specifically waves, and by extension, any kind of disturbance, agitation, or chaotic movement. It can also refer to a state of confusion or being mixed up, and in a more specific context, a type of horse.

This root pertains to the concept of moving around within something, or mixing and mingling. It describes a state of being in flux or in a state of confusion.

This root primarily concerns vocalization, specifically loud or urgent cries, and by extension, rapid movement or passage. It also extends to the concept of urgency, speed, and intense effort, particularly in supplication or in the context of strong winds.

This root primarily relates to loud or coarse sounds, including speech and animal noises. It also extends to concepts of coarseness, foolishness, and even physical attributes like swelling or being large. Additionally, it encompasses specific botanical terms and place names.

The root نتج (ntj) primarily concerns the process of giving birth or parturition in animals, especially livestock. It extends to the act of assisting in childbirth, the state of being pregnant, and the offspring itself. Metaphorically, it can refer to the production or generation of something.

This root primarily relates to the expulsion or discharge of contents from the body, particularly the bowels. It also extends to a state of looseness or relaxation, metaphorically applied to body parts.

This root primarily concerns the idea of flowing, oozing, or secreting, particularly bodily fluids like pus or blood. It also extends to meanings of disturbance, agitation, hesitation, and holding back.

This root primarily relates to the act of sexual intercourse. It is presented as a euphemism for this act, with a note on a variant pronunciation.

This root primarily relates to forceful impact, penetration, or vigorous mixing. It extends to sexual intercourse, the churning of milk to produce butter, and the movement of a bucket in a well. It also encompasses inherent disposition or nature.

This root appears to relate to padding, stuffing, or lining, particularly in the context of saddles or similar items. It describes the act of filling or the material used for filling.

This root primarily relates to concepts of rapid movement, speed, and sometimes deceptive or illusory phenomena. It also extends to terms for agricultural tools and strong winds, and can describe a cunning or formidable person.

This root appears to relate to movement, specifically dancing or swaying. It also has a specialized meaning related to female anatomy.

The root 'nasaja' (نسج) fundamentally relates to the act of weaving, intertwining threads to create fabric. This core meaning extends metaphorically to various forms of joining, connecting, or creating something intricate, such as the wind shaping sand or water, a poet composing verses, or a liar fabricating falsehoods. It also describes rapid movement, particularly of a camel or horse.

The root نضج (naḍaja) primarily relates to the process of ripening, maturing, or becoming cooked. It extends to concepts of reaching a suitable stage, whether for food, fruit, or even in the context of pregnancy and the development of opinion.

The root 'نعج' primarily relates to sheep, specifically ewes, and by extension, other female wild animals like gazelles and wild cows. It also extends to concepts of whiteness, plumpness, and a specific gait in camels, as well as describing someone who has overeaten rich food.

This root appears to relate to concepts of fear, weakness, and cowardice, particularly when describing a person.

This root appears to relate to wind phenomena and potentially deceptive or showy actions. It describes a strong gust of wind and a verb meaning to be ostentatious in one's deeds.

The root هبج primarily relates to striking with a degree of softness or repeated impact, and secondarily to swelling or puffiness, particularly in animals or the face. It also extends to descriptions of terrain and a specific type of killing by a dog.

This root primarily describes a type of animal, specifically a bull or an old gazelle. It also extends to describe a manner of walking characterized by mixing or swaggering, and a long-tailed, proud gait.

The root هجج primarily relates to the concept of sinking, receding, or becoming hollow, often applied to eyes due to exhaustion or thirst. It also extends to meanings of foolishness, stubbornness, and forceful action, including sounds and movements. Additionally, it encompasses terms for destruction, barren land, and specific animal calls or commands.

This root primarily describes a slow, weak, or unsteady gait, often associated with old age or infirmity. It also extends to concepts of hurried or trembling movement, a mother's yearning cry for her young, and the sound of wind.

The root 'hrj' primarily denotes a state of intense activity, confusion, or abundance. This can manifest as mixing, widespread killing, excessive speech, or vigorous movement. It also extends to concepts of sexual excess, overwhelming emotions, and even a type of dream or delusion.

This root primarily relates to the concept of rapid or hurried movement, specifically walking. It describes the manner and speed of locomotion.

This root primarily concerns lightness, speed, and a specific type of musical sound or rhythm. It extends to joy, singing, poetic meters, and the sounds of animals and natural phenomena.

This root primarily describes swiftness and speed, particularly in animals like ostriches and wolves. It is used to denote rapid movement and quickness.

This root describes sounds that are mixed, overlapping, or indistinct. It encompasses various forms of vocalization, from general speech to animal sounds like braying.

This root primarily concerns uncertain or unreliable information, particularly in the context of news and dreams. It also extends to describe light sleep and a specific type of medicinal compound.

This root primarily describes a person characterized by extreme foolishness, dullness, and negative traits. It also extends to describe curdled milk.

This root primarily denotes confusion, mixing, and disorder. It extends to concepts of haste, rapid movement, and the ensuing chaos or strife that results from such mixing.

This root primarily relates to the smooth, swift, and proud gait of animals, particularly horses and camels. It also extends to concepts of being well-behaved, obedient, and easily managed, whether referring to an animal's movement or a person's affairs.

This root primarily denotes foolishness, recklessness, and excessive haste. It extends to describe something or someone characterized by uncontrolled speed, immoderation, or a lack of proper guidance, often in the context of war or strong winds.

This root primarily denotes agitation, stirring up, and excitation. It encompasses physical disturbances like wind and war, emotional states such as anger and longing, and biological processes like plant growth and animal mating. It can also refer to the onset of something, like clouds or conflict.

This root primarily relates to the concept of heat, burning, and intense fire. It encompasses the intensity of flames, the act of burning, and the resulting state of being hot or scorched.

This root primarily relates to a place, specifically a location or a destination. It can also refer to a specific type of place or a point within a larger area.

This root primarily describes thickness, density, and abundance, particularly in relation to vegetation, flesh, fat, and wealth. It can also denote strength, maturity, and fullness.

This root primarily relates to specific types of plants used for incense or medicine, a type of wooden implement, and geographical locations. It also touches upon concepts of speed and swiftness, particularly in relation to animals.

The root 'ودج' primarily relates to major veins in the neck and head, often associated with lifeblood. It extends metaphorically to concepts of connection, reconciliation, and even specific locations.

This root primarily describes a specific gait or manner of movement for camels, characterized by speed and a particular type of stride. It also encompasses the act of urging a camel to move in this manner.

The root 'وشج' primarily denotes entanglement, intermingling, and close connection. It extends to describe intertwined branches, roots, and even abstract concepts like relationships and emotions. The root also encompasses specific botanical terms and objects constructed by interlacing.

This root primarily concerns the concept of entering, penetrating, or going into something. It extends to include the act of insertion, the place of entry or concealment, and by extension, close associates or confidants.

This root primarily refers to musical instruments, specifically stringed instruments like the lute or oud. It may also denote a type of cymbal, possibly with strings, and is of Persian origin.

This root primarily concerns intense heat, burning, and glowing. It describes the heat of the sun and fire, the intensity of embers, and by extension, the vibrancy or intensity of other things like a woman's character or a fragrance.

This root appears to relate to a specific agricultural implement, likely a wooden beam or yoke used with oxen to plow fields. It is described as a piece of wood connecting oxen or part of a plow.