Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root appears to relate to the concept of dust or fine earth. The primary derived terms directly signify this meaning.

This root describes someone who is coarse, rough, and heavy-bodied. It emphasizes a lack of refinement in both physical appearance and character.

This root primarily relates to the region of Hadramawt in Yemen and things associated with it, including its dialect, people, and products. It also extends to meanings of peculiarity, mixing, and deviation from correctness in speech.

This root appears to relate to the concept of pressing, squeezing, or crushing something, particularly in the context of extracting juice or essence. It is associated with the action of making something yield its contents.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of bird, possibly a Yemeni pigeon, and also refers to a part of the eye's anatomy.

This root primarily concerns concepts of restraint, control, wisdom, and judgment. It extends to the physical restraint of animals via a bit, the metaphorical restraint of human actions by wisdom, and the act of judging or governing. It also encompasses the idea of a person's status or head, and the concept of equitable compensation.

This root primarily relates to dreams, wisdom, and forbearance. It also extends to specific historical events, places, and even a type of garment, demonstrating a semantic range from the abstract to the concrete.

This root describes a greedy, insatiable, and avaricious person. It also extends to the concept of being stingy or miserly, particularly with food, and can refer to something that is firmly attached or persistent.

This root primarily concerns the throat and its anatomical structures, specifically the passage for breath and voice. It extends to describe the act of slaughtering by cutting the throat and also refers to the partial ripening of dates.

This root primarily describes something or someone as black, dark, or swarthy. It is often used to denote a dark-skinned man or a black object.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly obscure. It is primarily associated with a single, specific meaning related to a type of bird.

The root حنتم (ḥntm) primarily relates to a type of green or reddish-brown earthenware jar, often used for storing wine. It also extends to describe dark, rain-laden clouds, metaphorically linked to the color of these jars. The root also appears in place names and as a maternal lineage name.

This root primarily relates to a type of tree with red veins. It is also used as a proper noun for a name and a tribal designation.

This root appears to relate to groups or gatherings of people, particularly in a collective or tribal sense. It may also carry connotations of negative qualities associated with such groups.

The root حوم (ḥ-w-m) primarily relates to the concept of large gatherings or masses, particularly of camels, and by extension, the bulk or core of something. It also signifies circling or hovering, especially around water due to thirst, and by extension, a strong desire or focus on something.

The root 'ختم' primarily relates to sealing, closing, and finishing something. It extends to concepts of marking, imprinting, and the finality or end of a matter. It also encompasses the physical act of sealing with clay or wax, and by extension, signifies completion, protection, and finality.

This root primarily describes the act of becoming silent, often due to shyness, fear, or a sudden shock. It can also imply a state of being stunned or speechless.

The root خثم (kh-th-m) primarily relates to concepts of wideness, broadness, and thickness, particularly when applied to physical features like the nose, ears, or even objects like swords and sandals. It can also denote shortness and a flattened or spread-out shape.

This root primarily relates to physical features around the nose and mouth, specifically thick lips or a rounded area below the nose. It also extends to describe a man with such features, or metaphorically, a man who is overly cautious or hesitant.

This root primarily relates to a specific mountain and a tribe named after it, originating from Yemen. It also encompasses a ritualistic act of blood-smearing and covenant-making, possibly linked to the tribe's origin story.

This root appears to relate to the concept of taking something stealthily or secretly. It also encompasses meanings related to mixing or confusion.

This root primarily relates to a woman's vulva or pudendum, often used as an insult. It also extends to describe a woman's sexual arousal or readiness.

The root 'خدم' primarily relates to service, servitude, and the act of serving. It encompasses the concepts of servants, slaves, and the duties associated with them. Additionally, it extends to meanings related to restraints, anklets, and specific markings on animals.

This root appears to describe the concept of speed or haste. It is a less common root with limited derived forms.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a 'tip' or 'extremity', particularly of an object like a shoe. It can also refer to the act of protruding or extending forward.

This root primarily relates to concepts of prominence, elevation, and ruggedness, particularly concerning mountains and landforms. It also extends to meanings of aversion, haughtiness, anger, and physical deterioration.

This root primarily concerns the nose, particularly its prominent or elongated form, and by extension, the snout of animals. It also extends to concepts of arrogance, anger, and leadership, as well as specific applications like the trunk of an elephant or the flow of wine.

The root خزم (kh-z-m) primarily relates to piercing, puncturing, or making a hole, often with a ring or tether. It extends to concepts of restraint, guidance, and even poetic metrical additions. The root also encompasses specific flora and fauna, as well as geographical locations and tribal names.

This root primarily concerns the nose and its parts, including its shape, internal structure, and ailments affecting it. It also extends metaphorically to the prominent parts of mountains and to a state of intoxication.

This root primarily relates to groups of insects, particularly bees and wasps, and their dwellings. It also extends to descriptions of terrain, sounds, and physical features of the head.

The root خصم (khaṣama) primarily relates to contention, dispute, and argument. It extends to concepts of overcoming an opponent in debate, the parties involved in a dispute, and various physical aspects like sides, edges, and corners of objects.

The root خضم primarily relates to the act of eating, particularly with the full mouth or using the back teeth. It extends to concepts of abundance, fullness, and large quantities, often associated with water, wealth, or gatherings. It can also denote cutting or severing, especially with a sharp object.

The root خضرم (kh-ḍ-r-m) primarily relates to abundance, largeness, and excess. It extends to concepts of being mixed, incomplete, or having a mixed nature, particularly in lineage and time periods. It also denotes physical cutting or marking, especially of animal ears.

The root 'khaṭama' (خطم) primarily relates to the snout, nose, or beak of an animal or bird. It extends to concepts of leading, controlling, marking, and even specific objects like ropes or plants associated with these actions or parts.

This root primarily deals with terms denoting foolishness and negative character traits. It also extends to describe a specific type of man considered wicked or effeminate, with some terms being synonymous with 'catamite'.

This root primarily relates to the imitation of sounds, particularly vocalizations. It also extends to descriptions of water, specifically its color and source.

This root primarily concerns close friendship and intimate companionship, stemming from the idea of familiarity and attachment. It also extends to describe fat, a place of rest or refuge, and a person of significant stature.

This root describes something that is large, bulky, and often tall. It can refer to a person or an object with a substantial physical presence.

The root خمم primarily relates to cleaning, sweeping, and tidying, extending to concepts of purity and sincerity. It also encompasses meanings related to unpleasant smells, decay, and a specific type of food consumption. Figuratively, it can refer to praise, criticism, and the state of a person's heart.

This root appears to be related to place names. The primary derived word discussed is a place name, with its etymology debated based on its structure.

This root primarily relates to specific geographical locations and tribal names, particularly in the region of Mecca. It also encompasses a historical battle and associated events, with some discussion on the etymology and attribution of poetic verses related to these events.

This root primarily relates to the concept of something being tender, fresh, and pliable, often used to describe vegetation. It can also extend to describe a land that is difficult or harsh, possibly due to its unyielding nature.