Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

The root 'سنبك' primarily relates to the tip, edge, or beginning of something, often with connotations of roughness or remoteness. It is frequently used to describe parts of an animal's hoof, the extremity of a sword, or distant, barren lands.

This root primarily concerns unpleasant odors, particularly those associated with sweat, rancid meat, or fish. It also extends to meanings related to rapid, light movement, crushing, and strong winds.

This root primarily concerns the act of rubbing or cleaning, particularly the mouth with a twig (miswak). It extends to describe a weak or unsteady gait, often associated with emaciation in animals.

The root شبك (sh-b-k) primarily denotes the concept of interlocking, intertwining, or becoming entangled. This extends to physical objects like fingers or branches, as well as abstract concepts like matters or disputes. It also encompasses related ideas such as nets, traps, and closely spaced wells.

This root primarily concerns the act of preventing a young animal, particularly a camel calf, from nursing. It also refers to a physical device used for this purpose, a type of bit or gag.

This root primarily concerns the concept of partnership, sharing, and participation. It extends to notions of association, involvement, and even co-ownership. Figuratively, it can denote entanglement, deception, or a deviation from the right path, and in a theological context, it signifies associating partners with God (polytheism).

This root primarily concerns the concept of doubt, uncertainty, and suspicion, contrasting with certainty. It also extends to meanings of piercing, penetrating, joining, and adhering, as well as physical states like lameness or being well-equipped with armor.

This root primarily denotes thorns, sharp pointed objects, and things characterized by sharpness or prickliness. It extends to concepts of pain, hardship, military strength, and even certain physical conditions or ailments.

This root primarily concerns unpleasant odors, particularly those arising from sweat or decaying wood. It also extends to the concept of sticking or adhering to something, and can describe a strong or robust man.

This root primarily relates to a specific type of aromatic resin or incense, known as mastic. It also encompasses terms for things mixed with or resembling this substance, and potentially place names associated with it.

This root primarily concerns poverty, destitution, and the state of being poor. It extends to descriptions of things becoming thin, worn out, or reduced, and also to physical descriptions like being small or rounded.

This root primarily describes qualities of being thick, strong, robust, and dense. It extends to meanings of roughness, ignorance, and a quickness towards evil. It also encompasses states of anger, and physical conditions like swelling or thickening, particularly in liquids.

This root describes strength, robustness, and power, particularly in physical constitution and might. It conveys a sense of being solid, unyielding, and formidable.

This root appears to relate to the concept of dark or black complexion, specifically referring to female slaves or servants with such features.

This root primarily denotes the concept of sticking, adhering, or clinging. It extends to meanings related to being attached, being close, and even the essence or substance of something, like male seminal fluid.

This root primarily describes the concept of sticking, adhering, or becoming attached to something. It extends to the idea of something becoming dry and thus sticking, like dried blood.

This root appears to relate to a state of being unwell, specifically a cold or nasal congestion. It describes a person suffering from such symptoms.

This root primarily relates to actions involving hands and grasping, specifically a type of hand gesture or manipulation. It also extends to describe the initial stages of a plant's growth and the appearance of greenery.

This root describes something or someone that is exceptionally tall, large, heavy, or substantial. It can refer to physical size, or to a person with many dependents, implying a significant presence or burden.

The root ضحك (ḍaḥika) primarily denotes laughter and smiling. It extends metaphorically to concepts of joy, blooming, and appearance, as well as to specific anatomical terms and natural phenomena.

This root primarily describes extreme poverty, destitution, and physical weakness, often associated with hunger and a state of ruin. It can also refer to specific animals like eagles and lions, emphasizing their strength or harsh nature.

This root primarily relates to pressing, squeezing, or forcefully gripping something. It extends to concepts of overwhelming someone with an argument, being distressed by a matter, and also describes a type of fast, compact gait or a short, stout physique.

This root primarily relates to the concept of plants growing, becoming lush, and green, often due to abundant rain. It also extends to the idea of clouds being full of rain and the land responding to it.

The root ضنك (ḍ-n-k) primarily denotes narrowness, constriction, hardship, and difficulty, particularly in relation to living conditions and sustenance. It can also extend to physical weakness, illness like a cold, and a robust or stout build.

This root primarily relates to being smeared or stained, particularly with something unpleasant. It also extends to concepts of gathering or assembling, and intense contention or struggle over something.

This root primarily describes a state of being spread apart or opened, particularly in the context of a female camel's udder due to heat. It also extends to a specific manner of human walking characterized by excessive movement of the shoulders and body.

This root primarily concerns the concept of mixing, confusing, or tangling things together. It also extends to describe small, insignificant pieces or amounts of something, often food or residue.

This root appears to describe something that is solid, strong, and unyielding. It is primarily used to describe a man or a camel exhibiting these qualities of robustness and resilience.

The root عتك primarily relates to concepts of rushing, attacking forcefully, and adhering or sticking. It extends to meanings of going alone, being stubborn, and also to redness, aging, and purity, particularly in relation to objects like bows, colors, and even people.

This root primarily refers to a specific part of a palm tree, namely its cluster or bunch of dates. It denotes the structure from which the dates grow.

This root primarily deals with the concept of striking or hitting something forcefully, often with a tool like a hammer. It also extends to the idea of being struck or impacted by something, such as rain.

This root primarily relates to the concept of sticking closely to something or someone, implying adherence or persistence. It can also describe a specific manner of walking characterized by twisting or swaying.

This root describes a woman characterized by a large, fleshy, and somewhat shapeless physique, particularly focusing on her thighs and hips. It implies a robust and ample build, possibly to the point of being cumbersome.

This root primarily describes a state of being foolish, incompetent, or clumsy, particularly in speech and action. It can also refer to being left-handed or generally awkward and unskillful.

This root primarily concerns the act of chewing, masticating, or moving something around in the mouth. It extends to concepts of persistence, holding onto something tightly, and also describes certain plants, a type of resin, and even anatomical terms.

This root primarily relates to difficulty, obstruction, and hardship, often depicted through the imagery of difficult terrain like impassable sand dunes. It also extends to concepts of stubbornness, closure, and the passage of time, particularly during the night.

This root primarily describes someone or something characterized by foolishness, heaviness, and slowness. It can also refer to a specific physical attribute that is considered a defect.

This root primarily describes a state of confusion, distress, or entanglement. It can refer to a difficult situation, a state of being mixed up, or a struggle.

This root primarily relates to returning, going back, or turning towards something. It also encompasses concepts of seeking sustenance, having a way or path, and general movement or activity.

This root primarily relates to movement, specifically a distinctive gait involving the shoulders. It also denotes a type of dense, intertwined vegetation, akin to a thicket.

This root primarily relates to the onset of darkness and the evening time. It encompasses the transition from light to dark, often associated with the dimming of the day.

This root primarily relates to a specific location in the Hejaz region, known as Fadak, which was a village with a spring and date palms. It also refers to the act of fluffing or carding cotton, and appears in names of people and groups.

The root فرك (f-r-k) primarily denotes rubbing or friction, leading to detachment of a covering or husk. It extends metaphorically to mean dislike or hatred, particularly between spouses, and also describes physical looseness or relaxation in joints and ears.

This root primarily deals with the concept of spoiling, ruining, or damaging something, often in a physical or tangible sense. It can apply to various crafts like weaving and also to the act of cutting or severing.

This root primarily concerns a type of fruit, specifically a variety of peach or plum. It describes its appearance, taste, and origin, with some discussion of its cultivation and regional names.