Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root describes something or someone as strong, robust, and resilient. It emphasizes physical hardiness, endurance, and a solid constitution, often applied to men or animals capable of enduring hardship.

The root عضب (ʿaḍaba) primarily relates to the concept of cutting, severing, or breaking. This extends to sharp or cutting objects like swords, and metaphorically to sharp or cutting speech. It also encompasses notions of being cut off, disabled, or weakened, and can refer to specific physical defects like a cut ear or broken horn.

The root عطب primarily denotes destruction, ruin, or perishing. It can apply to living beings, possessions, or even abstract concepts like crops. It also extends to meanings related to damage, breaking, or becoming soft and pliable.

This root primarily relates to persistence, steadfastness, and clinging to something. It extends to meanings of becoming tough, dry, or fat, and also describes large locusts and specific locations.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'end', 'aftermath', 'consequence', and 'heel'. It extends to notions of succession, reward, punishment, and the rear part of things like the foot or a sandal.

This root primarily concerns the concept of following, succeeding, or coming after something else. It extends to meanings related to the end or consequence of something, as well as specific places and a type of bird.

The root 'aqrab primarily relates to the scorpion, its characteristics, and things metaphorically associated with it due to its sting or appearance. It extends to describe harshness, difficulty, and things that are crooked or difficult to deal with, including specific astronomical and zoological terms.

This root appears to relate to sharp, hooked, or grasping claws, particularly those of birds of prey. It also extends to meanings of cunning, swiftness, and formidable nature, often associated with the imagery of a bird of prey.

The root عكب primarily relates to closeness, gathering, and density. This manifests in physical proximity of body parts, the accumulation of dust or steam, and the congregation of animals or people. It can also denote a dense or coarse physical build, and metaphorically, intensity in evil or mischievousness.

This root appears to be related to the concept of a web or a structure resembling a web, specifically referring to a spider's web.

This root pertains to the act of binding or tying something securely. It describes the process of fastening or tightening a rope or a bond.

This root appears to describe the act of preparing for or initiating an action, particularly one involving aggression or a burden. It is used for animals preparing to fight or attack, and for a person taking on a load.

This root primarily describes large, long-horned animals, particularly male antelopes and wild bulls. It extends to describe tall or aged individuals among humans and animals.

The root عنب primarily relates to the grape and its fruit. It extends to terms for wine, and metaphorically to things that are thick, large, or abundant, including physical features and geographical locations.

This root appears to relate to the concept of anger and a specific type of bird. The primary derived lemma discussed is 'al-mu'andab', referring to someone who is angry. The root also mentions 'al-'undalib', a bird that sings in various tones, though its full treatment is deferred.

This root primarily refers to the male locust. It also encompasses related terms for this specific type of insect, with variations in spelling and pronunciation indicating slight nuances or regional usage.

This root primarily concerns the spider and its web, extending to related concepts of fragility, weakness, and things that are thin or delicate. It also encompasses terms for small, creeping creatures and, metaphorically, for something short or stunted.

This root primarily relates to concepts of time, youth, and the beginning of things. It also extends to meanings of ignorance, confusion, weakness, and heaviness, with some debate about its exact phonetic origin.

This root primarily concerns the concept of defect, fault, or blemish. It extends to the act of finding fault, attributing blame, and also to containers for valuable or secret items, metaphorically representing hidden matters or inner feelings.

This root primarily concerns the concept of something happening after a delay or interval, often related to drinking, illness, or events. It also extends to the idea of something becoming stale or putrid, and physical descriptions of sagging skin or narrow passages.

This root appears to describe the act of drinking or swallowing something intensely, particularly water. It conveys a sense of forceful ingestion or gulping.

This root primarily relates to thick, fleshy growths or a coarse, rough texture. It describes a fleshy lump resembling a gland and also characterizes a person as being dry and coarse in disposition or physique.

The root 'gharb' primarily relates to the concept of west, setting, and disappearance. It extends to meanings of going away, being distant, and alienation, encompassing both physical and metaphorical senses of removal or strangeness.

This root pertains to the act of forcefully taking or snatching something away from someone's possession. It implies an aggressive seizure or usurpation, akin to robbery or forceful appropriation.

This root appears to be a variant spelling or pronunciation of another root, 'غشم'. It is suggested to potentially refer to a place name, from which a nisba (attribution) might be derived.

This root appears to be very limited in usage, primarily referring to a lion. It also has a derived adjective describing a person as bold and decisive.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly obscure, primarily associated with a specific type of snake. Its usage is limited and primarily found in classical lexicographical sources.

The root غلب primarily concerns the concept of overcoming, conquering, or prevailing over something or someone. It extends to meanings of being strong, dominant, or superior, and can also describe physical attributes like a thick or large neck, or dense vegetation.

This root pertains to a specific physical characteristic, namely the rounded fullness of the cheeks, particularly in young, attractive boys. It describes a particular shape or fullness in the middle of the cheeks.

This root primarily describes anatomical terms related to the throat and neck area. It refers to specific fleshy parts around the throat, uvula, and tonsils, as well as structures in the neck.

The root غيب (ghayb) primarily relates to absence, hiddenness, and the unseen. It encompasses things that are concealed from perception, whether physically or conceptually, and extends to concepts like travel, departure, and burial. It also covers the idea of being absent or missing, and by extension, things that are unknown or beyond immediate knowledge.

This root primarily relates to the concept of narrowing or constriction, particularly in a feminine context. It also includes a proper noun referring to a city.

This root primarily relates to types of fine linen garments, particularly those originating from Egypt. It also extends to a specific type of small bird and a person associated with a place.

This root appears to be related to small rodents, specifically mice and their young. It may also extend to the young of a jerboa.

This root primarily concerns the act of drinking, specifically consuming a large quantity of liquid or drinking until full. It extends to describe vessels that hold a lot of liquid and individuals who are heavy drinkers.

This root primarily relates to sounds, particularly loud or harsh ones like shouting, the clashing of teeth, or the rumbling of thunder. It also extends to concepts of dryness, constriction, and specific physical or structural elements like a dome or a pulley.

This root primarily concerns the 'qitab', a type of saddle or pack for a camel. It extends to related concepts like equipping a camel with such a saddle, and by extension, to the internal organs of the abdomen and the act of imposing a heavy oath.

This root primarily denotes the act of coughing, particularly a persistent or severe cough. It extends to describe specific types of coughs associated with old age, animals like camels and dogs, and even a general term for internal ailments. The root also carries metaphorical extensions related to immorality and old age.

This root appears to be related to the concept of a stick or staff, with several derived terms denoting different types or qualities of such an object. The terms are primarily found in classical Arabic lexicography.

This root primarily relates to striking, hitting, and subduing someone, often with a weapon. It also encompasses the act of throwing someone down or causing them to fall.

This root appears to relate to the concept of dispersal or scattering, particularly of a group of people.