Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily denotes proximity, nearness, and closeness, both in a physical and abstract sense. It extends to concepts of approaching, drawing near, and being related or akin. It also encompasses the idea of offering something to draw closer to a higher power or entity.

This root primarily concerns proximity, nearness, and closeness, both physically and relationally. It extends to concepts of approaching, bringing near, and the act of seeking or obtaining something, particularly water at night. It also encompasses terms for kinship, moderate quality, and specific gaits of horses.

This root primarily relates to proximity, nearness, and closeness. It extends to concepts of approaching, bringing near, and things that are near. It also encompasses related terms like boats and salted fish.

This root primarily describes someone who is large, tall, and robust, often implying a hearty appetite or a large belly. It can also extend to meanings of being old, in poor condition, or even greedy.

This root appears to relate to the act of cutting or severing something. The primary meaning involves a forceful or decisive cut, with a secondary implication of being cut off or separated.

This root primarily denotes intense cutting, severing, or consuming. It extends to concepts of poverty, greed, and even specific actions like striking someone down or scattering things.

This root primarily describes the sensation of being constricted or shrunken due to cold. It also extends to a state of being dejected or withdrawn, possibly as a consequence of anger or distress.

This root primarily relates to the belly and its sounds, particularly when it is empty or complaining. It also extends to describe certain types of cloth.

This root primarily describes various small creatures, including rodents and insects, and by extension, refers to a relaxed or sagging body part. It also extends to metaphorical uses related to slow movement or appearance.

This root primarily describes large, mature, and powerful male animals, particularly bulls and goats. It extends to denote a leader or master, emphasizing a sense of dominance and seniority.

This root primarily relates to the concept of firmness, solidity, and intensity. It also extends to describe a greedy merchant and a title or nickname.

The root قسب (q-s-b) primarily relates to hardness, dryness, and intensity. It extends to describe dry, hard dates, tough or sturdy objects, and strong, tall individuals. It also encompasses concepts of dryness, firmness, and even the sound or flow of water.

This root appears to describe something large, bulky, or massive. It is primarily used as an adjective to denote significant size or bulk.

This root appears to describe something large or massive. The primary meaning relates to being bulky or substantial, with potential connotations of being well-built or imposing.

The root قشب primarily relates to mixing, adulterating, or contaminating, often with poison or something foul. It extends to concepts of being impure, worthless, or spoiled, and also paradoxically to things being new or fresh.

This root appears to refer to a type of plant. However, its usage and validity are questioned by classical lexicographers.

This root describes something as strong, robust, and solid. It is often used to denote physical strength and unyielding nature, similar to the concept of being hard or firm.

The root 'قطب' primarily relates to the concept of gathering, joining, or converging. This extends to physical actions like frowning (gathering the brow), mixing substances, and the central point around which something rotates. It also encompasses abstract ideas of unity, totality, and leadership.

The root قطرب primarily relates to restless movement, often associated with a small creature or a state of agitation. It extends to describe foolishness, ignorance, and a lack of rest, sometimes metaphorically applied to human behavior. The root also encompasses various specific entities and conditions.

This root primarily relates to large, deep, or hollow vessels, particularly drinking cups. It extends to describe things that are deep, hollow, or rounded, like a hoof, and metaphorically to depth or substance in speech.

This root appears to describe something abundant or numerous. It also has a specific meaning related to a small insect found on plants.

This root appears to describe intense, fearful running or a swift, powerful stride. It conveys a sense of urgency and perhaps aggression in movement.

This root primarily relates to concepts of intensity, severity, and robustness. It describes something or someone as strong, fierce, and capable of decisive action, often implying a forceful or complete removal.

This root primarily describes intensity and severity, particularly in relation to speed, action, and physical force. It can refer to something being extreme, sharp, or forcefully cut.

This root primarily describes crookedness or deviation, particularly in the nose. It also extends to concepts of firmness, intensity, and specific physical postures or actions.

This root primarily concerns parts of a saddle and its related equipment, particularly straps and wooden components. It also extends to a type of tree from which these parts are made, and by extension, the saddle itself.

This root appears to relate to a specific, ancient term for a type of container or vessel, possibly a large chest or trunk. The entry discusses linguistic variations and corruptions of this term over time.

This root appears to describe something large, robust, and imposing, particularly when referring to a man. It conveys a sense of significant physical presence and perhaps age or maturity.

The root قنب primarily relates to sheaths, coverings, or enclosed spaces. It extends to concepts of concealment, growth stages of plants, and specific quantities or groups of things, particularly horses.

The root 'قهب' primarily relates to concepts of age, antiquity, and specific colors, particularly a mixture of white with redness or dustiness. It describes elderly people and animals, as well as certain shades of color in animals and objects.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly related to the concept of shortness or being small. The primary derived term directly defines it as 'short'.

This root primarily describes something large, robust, and strong, particularly referring to camels. It can also extend to describe other large or solid objects, and in a less common usage, refers to eggplant.

This root primarily concerns states of sadness, grief, and dejection. It describes the feeling of being downcast, broken in spirit due to sorrow, and the resulting somber or darkened appearance.

The root كبب (k-b-b) primarily denotes the act of falling, overturning, or collapsing, often face-down. It extends to concepts of pressing down, adhering to, or being intensely focused on something, as well as gathering, accumulating, and intense force or impact.

The root 'kataba' (كتب) primarily relates to the act of writing, inscribing, or recording. It extends to concepts of decreeing, appointing, and assembling, particularly in a military context.

The root كثب (k-th-b) primarily denotes closeness, proximity, and drawing near. It extends to concepts of gathering, collecting, and accumulating, often in a compact or heaped form. This includes physical closeness, the act of bringing things together, and the resulting formations like dunes or small portions.

This root describes something large, bulky, and protruding, particularly referring to the buttocks or the vulva. It emphasizes a plump and prominent physical characteristic.

This root primarily relates to the early stage of grape clusters, specifically unripe grapes or the initial appearance of bunches. It also extends to meanings of covering, obscuring, or a specific anatomical region, with some regional variations in usage.

This root appears to be very rare and possibly related to specific locations or celestial bodies. The primary meaning provided is 'a place'. Further derivation is not evident in the provided text.

This root primarily relates to the act of applying kohl or collyrium to the eyes. It also extends to the appearance of the eyes after such application, particularly their redness or the appearance of veins.

The root كدب (k-d-b) primarily relates to whiteness, particularly the white marks or spots seen on the fingernails of young people. It can also extend to describe a pure white complexion in women and, metaphorically, fresh blood that has a whitish appearance.

The root كرب (k-r-b) primarily denotes intense sorrow, grief, and distress. It also extends to concepts of nearing, approaching, and tightness, whether physical or metaphorical, such as a tight rope or a constricted feeling.