Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily deals with the concept of uprooting, tearing out, or violently extracting something from its origin. It conveys a sense of forceful removal and destruction of the original foundation.

This root primarily denotes hardness, severity, and robustness. It is applied to strong camels, resilient men, and even to the unyielding nature of time. It also extends to describe a tool for grinding and the act of seizing or taking something.

This root primarily describes the act of falling or collapsing to the ground, often due to being struck or overwhelmed. It conveys a sense of being brought down low or reduced in stature.

This root primarily relates to concepts of being overwhelmed, filled, or tightly bound. It describes a state of breathlessness due to exertion, the act of filling something completely, and the intensity of a binding or tying.

The root قفر primarily denotes emptiness, desolation, and scarcity. It is used to describe barren land, deserted places, and a lack of provisions, particularly food and water. It can also refer to a scarcity of physical attributes like hair or flesh, or a lack of sustenance.

This root primarily describes individuals of large, robust, or imposing physical stature, often with connotations of being well-built or even excessively corpulent. It can also refer to something excellent or superior within its kind, and extends to specific terms for parts of plants or animals.

This root entry discusses a specific type of large fig, known as 'al-qallār' or 'al-qallārī'. It details its characteristics, how it is preserved and stored, particularly with grape syrup, and its longevity when prepared in this manner.

The root قمر primarily relates to the moon and its light, extending to concepts of whiteness, brightness, and illumination. It also encompasses meanings related to observation, deception, and abundance, particularly in natural phenomena like water and vegetation.

This root appears to relate to reinforcing or covering parts of a bow, possibly with leather or horn. It also has a Persian origin related to bow-making and a derived meaning for a knife sheath.

This root appears to be related to the concept of being tall or long. The primary derived word directly defines this meaning.

This root primarily relates to concepts of strength, robustness, and compactness, often applied to animals like camels and dogs. It also extends to descriptions of physical stature (short and stout), and actions involving gathering, tightening, or intensifying.

This root primarily relates to specific types of plants and animals, including a type of herb and a breed of donkey. It also refers to a specific physical feature, a crest or tuft of feathers on a bird's head, and by extension, a name.

This root appears to describe something short, stout, or thick. It is primarily used as an adjective to denote shortness in stature or thickness in build.

This root appears to describe a person who is small-headed and weak-minded. It is a very limited root with only one known derived term.

This root primarily describes something solid, large, and robust, often related to rocks or physical stature. It can also denote stubbornness or a loud, strong voice.

This root primarily relates to the concept of being old, aged, or weathered by time. It also encompasses a specific geographical location in the Levant, a city or region named Qunsurin.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being dry, withered, or shedding, particularly in the context of plants or skin. It can also describe something that is thin or meager.

This root appears to relate to concepts of shortness, compactness, and possibly a specific place name. It describes a person with a short neck and back, and a verb form indicating a drawing-in or shortening motion.

The root قنطر primarily relates to large quantities, particularly of wealth, and structures that span distances. It encompasses concepts of bridges, immense wealth measured in specific units, and the act of accumulating or possessing such wealth. It also extends to terms for calamities and specific ethnic groups.

This root appears to be a single, unanalyzed entry referring to a specific type of tree. It describes its characteristics in comparison to another tree, the caper (كبر).

This root appears to describe shortness or being low to the ground. It is primarily used to denote a short stature or a low-lying object.

This root primarily describes something or someone that is large, stout, and imposing, often with negative connotations of coarseness, harshness, or ill-temper. It can also refer to a slave or an adopted person, and has some specific applications to objects and places.

This root primarily concerns the concept of overcoming, overpowering, and subjugation. It extends to themes of dominance, control, and the state of being defeated or forced against one's will. It also includes some less common or specialized meanings.

This root primarily describes things that are hard, black, and solid, often relating to stones or dark colors. It also extensively covers the concept of moving backward or retreating, both literally and figuratively.

The root كبر (k-b-r) primarily denotes greatness, largeness, and seniority. It encompasses concepts of physical size, age, social status, and divine majesty. The root also extends to notions of arrogance and stubbornness when greatness is perceived or asserted inappropriately.

This root primarily concerns concepts of greatness, magnitude, and importance, both in a physical and abstract sense. It extends to notions of arrogance, pride, and seniority, as well as physical size and age. It also encompasses terms for significant sins and, in a more specialized context, musical instruments and a type of food.

This root primarily relates to the hump of a camel, especially a large or prominent one. It extends to concepts of the middle or core of something, and metaphorically to high status or a substantial structure.

This root appears to be related to anatomical terms, specifically describing folds and lower parts of the thigh. It is noted as being omitted by some classical lexicographers.

The root كدر (k-d-r) primarily relates to turbidity, cloudiness, and lack of clarity, whether in water, air, color, or abstract concepts like life or mood. It extends to meanings of being thick, dense, or even fast-moving in certain contexts, and also refers to specific types of birds and places.

This root appears to be an obscure or possibly non-existent root in Classical Arabic. It is mentioned by Ibn Jinni without explanation, suggesting it might be a rare or specialized term, or potentially a scribal error.

This root primarily relates to the act of gathering, collecting, and bringing scattered things together. It can also imply repetition or a repeated action, often in the context of gathering.

This root primarily relates to the herb coriander, its name, and its classification as a spice. It also touches upon the linguistic origin of the word.

The root كسر (kasara) primarily denotes the act of breaking, fracturing, or shattering something. It extends to meanings of bending, yielding, becoming weak or subdued, and also refers to specific parts of the body or objects, as well as geographical features and titles.

This root primarily refers to a specific type of plant, coriander, and its seeds. It may also extend to related concepts of sowing or cultivating such plants.

The root كشر primarily relates to the baring of teeth, especially when smiling or laughing. It extends to meanings of revealing, showing, and can also refer to specific actions like fleeing, a type of sexual intercourse, or even a cluster of grapes after the fruit has been eaten.

This root primarily relates to the physical action of lifting or drawing up, often associated with clothing or the body. It can also denote a sharp or upward movement, sometimes implying readiness or alertness.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being short or small, possibly in stature or length. It is presented as a variant pronunciation or form of another related word.

The root 'كظر' primarily relates to the concept of enclosure, binding, or a specific anatomical or structural feature. It appears in terms for parts of the female genitalia, fatty tissue around kidneys, the area between the collarbones, and a notch on a bow.

This root primarily relates to the concept of fullness, swelling, and accumulation, particularly in the context of a child's belly or an animal's hump. It also extends to meanings of robustness, thickness, and even cutting or severing.

This root describes a specific type of unsteady or swaying gait, often likened to the unsteady walk of someone intoxicated. It emphasizes a lack of balance and a wavering movement.

This root primarily describes a large, prominent, or protruding nose, often associated with a specific physical appearance. It can also extend to describe someone with such a feature.

The root كفر (k-f-r) primarily relates to acts of submission, humility, and obedience, often involving physical gestures like placing a hand on the chest or bowing. It also extends to meanings of covering, disbelief, and in a distinct semantic branch, refers to large mountains or rocky terrain.

This root primarily relates to the glans penis, its size, and related concepts. It extends to describe men who have had this part circumcised, men with a large glans, and even a woman who has been sexually penetrated. Figuratively, it can refer to a contest of virility or a type of unripe date.