Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns textiles, specifically types of fine cloth or garments, often described as striped or colored. It extends to describing colors of horses that resemble these textiles and the act of weaving or embroidering them. It also includes a term for a weaver.

This root primarily concerns the concept of boundaries, limits, and demarcations, both physical and metaphorical. It extends to the idea of a destination or endpoint, and by extension, can refer to the quality or nature of a place or its produce.

This root primarily discusses the concept of being stained or tainted, particularly with faults or impurities. It also extends to meanings related to humility and a specific place name.

This root primarily concerns the act of translation and interpretation, specifically the role of a translator who conveys meaning from one language to another. It also extends to the broader concept of explaining or interpreting speech and texts.

This root appears to primarily relate to geographical locations, specifically mountains or elevated areas. It is discussed in the context of place names and their potential etymological origins, with a focus on the letter 'ta' as potentially being an addition.

This root primarily concerns the concept of 'going forward', 'advancing', or 'preceding' in time, space, or rank. It can also denote being in front, or having a prior position. The derived meanings often relate to making progress, moving ahead, or being in an advanced state.

This root appears to be related to the concept of completion, fullness, or reaching a certain point. It is primarily used in relation to the completion of a pregnancy or the attainment of maturity.

This root primarily concerns the concept of furrows or channels in the earth, created by plowing or digging. It extends to related terms like the tool used for plowing and, metaphorically, to the marks left by a blow. It also encompasses a specific group of artisans, the goldsmiths, and their apprentices.

This root primarily concerns completion, perfection, and making something whole. It extends to concepts of adding to something, fulfilling needs, and even tribal affiliation and a specific type of speech impediment.

This root primarily concerns a specific desert plant known as 'al-tanūmah' and its properties. It also extends to the act of a camel consuming this plant.

This root primarily relates to a change in state, often involving a foul smell or taste, and also encompasses the concept of intense heat and stillness of wind. It is strongly associated with the geographical region of Tihamah and its inhabitants.

This root primarily concerns pearls and precious stones, particularly those used as adornments. It extends to describe objects resembling these, such as ostrich eggs, and also refers to a specific place name.

This root appears to relate to the concept of spoiling, damaging, or corrupting something, particularly in a way that renders it unusable or flawed. It suggests a process of ruination or destruction.

This root primarily relates to the concept of continuity, persistence, and abundance, particularly concerning rain and water. It can also describe a swift departure or turning away from something.

This root primarily describes a person characterized by slowness, dullness, and a lack of understanding, often coupled with rudeness and foolishness. It also extends to describe a sieve or strainer.

This root primarily concerns the breaking or chipping of teeth, particularly the incisors. It extends to the concept of being toothless or having a broken tooth, and by extension, can refer to defects or incompleteness. Metaphorically, it can describe things that are broken, incomplete, or defective, and also has specific applications in prosody and names of things.

This root pertains to leftover food or liquid, particularly that which remains in a vessel or bowl after a meal. It specifically refers to the remnants of food and its accompanying sauce or broth.

This root describes a state of being silent, often due to anger or arrogance. It also extends to describe extreme corpulence in animals and other things.

This root appears to describe something that is large, substantial, or perhaps a covering. It is primarily used in classical Arabic to denote a woman of considerable presence or a type of covering, like an umbrella.

This root appears to relate to a specific, possibly obscure, verb form and its associated noun. The primary meaning involves speaking or addressing others in a particular manner, though its authenticity is questioned.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of pulling, dragging, and drawing something towards oneself. It can also describe a strong attraction or fascination that draws a person to a place or thing.

This root primarily describes a specific type of plant, often white or pale when dry, resembling white hair or snow. It also extends to describe a person with white hair and, metaphorically, a fierce dog. Additionally, it encompasses the act of embracing or caressing a wife.

This root primarily relates to the middle or core of something, particularly a road or path. It also extends to meanings of adhering to, clarifying, or establishing something firmly, akin to staying on the right path.

This root primarily concerns the concept of breaking, chipping, or making a notch in something, particularly along an edge or surface. It extends to describe the resulting defect, a breach, or a gap, and can also refer to a loss in wealth or a specific type of poetic meter.

The root ثمم (th-m-m) primarily relates to the concept of repairing, mending, and setting something right. It extends to gathering, collecting, and consolidating, particularly with vegetation like thamam grass. It also encompasses notions of touching, wiping, and even the physical act of eating or consuming.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of stopping, halting, or pausing, often in the context of animals or movement. It also extends to meanings of breaking, crushing, or overcoming, particularly in relation to objects like swords or opponents.

This root primarily discusses the plant garlic, its botanical characteristics, and its common names. It also extends to metaphorical uses related to the shape of garlic or its parts, and a less common meaning referring to wheat.

The root جثم primarily denotes the act of settling down, perching, or lying low, often with a sense of immobility or heaviness. It extends to concepts of being stuck, sluggish, or even a physical presence like a body or a phantom.

The root جحم (j-h-m) primarily relates to intense heat, fire, and burning. It extends to concepts of intense effort, severe conditions, and intense staring or focus. It can also describe a state of intense desire or stinginess, and certain ailments.

This root appears to relate to concepts of narrowness, harshness, and swiftness. It is primarily used to describe negative qualities of disposition and rapid movement.

This root describes a state of narrowness, constriction, and ill-temper. It is primarily used to denote a person with a difficult disposition and unpleasant character.

This root primarily describes something large, bulky, or swollen, particularly in reference to a camel's physique. It can also denote a large, robust man or a substantial, thick object.

This root primarily describes a physical characteristic of having large eyes, often associated with a robust or imposing build. It also extends to actions of binding or restraining someone forcefully.

This root appears to relate to the concept of being thrown down or prostrated, often in the context of battle or conflict. It can also refer to a state of being overwhelmed or defeated.

This root pertains to the concept of speed and swiftness, particularly in movement like running or walking, and also in performing actions. It emphasizes rapid execution and quickness.

The root جدم (j-d-m) primarily relates to shortness, stockiness, and being stunted or undeveloped. It extends to concepts of low quality, roughness, and also specific agricultural and equestrian terms.

This root primarily deals with concepts of necessity, certainty, and obligation. It also extends to meanings of earning, deserving, and the physical attributes of land and objects, including heat and cold.

This root primarily relates to the concept of gathering, accumulating, or forming a base or origin. It extends to physical accumulations like soil around plants or ant hills, and metaphorically to groups of people or abstract origins.

The root جرجم primarily relates to actions of consuming, destroying, and falling. It extends to meanings of being struck down, collapsing, and also describes certain groups of people.

This root primarily relates to consuming food, often in a greedy or thorough manner. It also extends to concepts of speaking excessively, exceeding a certain limit, and hastening.

This root primarily relates to the concept of speed and swiftness in movement and action. It describes a rapid pace in walking or in carrying out tasks.

This root primarily relates to dry, hard, or stale bread. It also encompasses the concept of something being dry or parched, potentially extending to a dry or barren land.

This root appears to relate to terms for poison and a specific type of illness, possibly pleurisy or peritonitis. The primary derived terms are nouns referring to these concepts.

This root primarily relates to the concepts of recovery from illness or weakness, and a specific type of intense or scrutinizing gaze. It also extends to descriptions of roughness, particularly in snakes.

This root describes something large, bulky, and gluttonous, particularly in reference to livestock like sheep and camels. It conveys a sense of immense size and a voracious appetite.