Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily concerns the skull, specifically the upper part of the cranium, and by extension, broken or detached pieces of it. It also extends to concepts of breaking, cutting, and drinking deeply, often with a sense of intensity or finality.

This root appears to relate to the concept of consuming or eating everything within a container. It describes the act of finishing off the contents of a vessel.

This root primarily concerns the act of scooping or lifting water, often with one's hand or a tool. It extends to related concepts like drawing water, pouring, and specific objects used for scooping or containing liquids. It also encompasses terms for parts of date palms and a place name.

The root قذف primarily denotes the act of throwing or casting, often with force or at a distance. It extends to metaphorical uses like imparting information or accusations, and also describes physical attributes like abundance of flesh or speed, as well as geographical features like distant places or elevated terrain.

This root appears to relate to thick, soft, or luxurious coverings, possibly with a connotation of richness or comfort. It is primarily used in classical texts to describe specific types of textiles or garments.

This root appears to relate to concepts of cutting or severing, and also to excessive eating or consumption. The derived terms describe something that cuts and an individual who eats a lot.

This root primarily relates to thick, soft, velvety fabrics, particularly blankets or cloaks. It describes a luxurious textile with a plush or napped surface, often associated with comfort and warmth.

This root appears to describe the act of contracting or drawing oneself in. It is primarily used in a verbal form to denote a physical or perhaps metaphorical tightening.

The root قرقف (q-r-q-f) primarily relates to shivering, trembling, or shaking, often due to cold. It also extends to describe cold water, wine that causes trembling, and specific small birds or even a coin.

This root primarily concerns states of dirtiness, neglect of cleanliness, and hardship in living conditions. It extends to describe a person who is unkempt, poor, or living a life of austerity and deprivation.

The root قصف primarily denotes breaking, shattering, or snapping. It extends to meanings of intense sound, forceful impact, and also to concepts of weakness, fragility, and even boisterousness or crowding.

The root قطف (qaṭafa) primarily denotes the act of plucking or picking, especially fruits and clusters. It extends to cutting, detaching, and metaphorically to scratching or a specific gait of animals. Derived terms encompass the action, the harvested items, the tools used, the season for harvesting, and even metaphorical applications in prosody and textiles.

This root primarily concerns forceful actions, particularly in relation to the ground, water, and removal. It describes intense trampling, erosion, scooping, and uprooting, often implying a destructive or complete removal.

This root primarily describes actions of contracting, seizing, or drawing together. It extends to physical states like stiffness or cramping, and also to the act of a male animal mounting a female.

This root primarily describes aspects of the ear, including its shape, size, and position relative to the head. It extends to describe physical characteristics like a large nose or a white nape in horses, and metaphorically refers to the glans of the penis and large gatherings.

This root primarily relates to the papyrus plant and its characteristics, specifically when it grows tall. It also encompasses related concepts like the papyrus reed itself and potentially its use or appearance.

This root primarily relates to the concept of uprooting, pulling out, or detaching something from its origin. It is often used in the context of plants, particularly trees, being removed from the ground.

This root primarily concerns the concepts of density, abundance, thickness, and accumulation. It describes things being numerous, crowded together, or substantial in volume or texture.

This root appears to relate to the concept of hollowness or being hollowed out, particularly in reference to body parts or cavities. It may also extend to the idea of being worn away or eroded.

This root appears to relate to sounds, particularly indistinct or muffled noises, and possibly to the act of approaching or drawing near. It is primarily found in classical Arabic texts and may not have direct modern equivalents.

The root كرف primarily relates to the act of smelling, particularly in animals like donkeys and stallions when detecting scents like urine or dung. It extends to describe specific behaviors associated with this smelling, such as lifting the head and curling the lip. The root also encompasses related nouns for objects or phenomena associated with this action or appearance.

This root primarily relates to cotton and its properties, including its use as a material and its absorbent qualities. It also extends to describe a camel that is hobbled or entrapped.

This root primarily relates to thick, coarse, or rough land. It also extends to describe something dense, thick, or substantial, and can be used metaphorically for a dense collection of things.

This root primarily describes the tough, fibrous bases of palm fronds that remain attached to the trunk after the fronds are cut. It also extends to the act of stripping these bases from the trunk and, metaphorically, to striking or cutting something forcefully.

This root primarily describes something that is spread out, expanded, or prominent, particularly in reference to physical attributes or phenomena like clouds. It also has a secondary meaning related to a frowning or stern appearance, possibly as an inversion of another term.

The root كشف (k-sh-f) primarily denotes the act of uncovering, revealing, or exposing something that was hidden or covered. This core meaning extends to making something known, disclosing information, and even to physical manifestations like lightning or the appearance of the land. It also encompasses related concepts such as overcoming obstacles, revealing flaws, and specific agricultural or animal husbandry terms.

This root appears to relate to the concept of uprooting or detaching, specifically in the context of plants, particularly palm trees. It describes the act of a tree being pulled out from its base.

The root كفف (k-f-f) primarily relates to the concept of holding back, restraining, or collecting. It extends to the hand itself, as a tool for holding, and also encompasses notions of sufficiency, edges, and boundaries.

The root كفف primarily denotes the concept of holding back, restraining, collecting, or sufficiency. It extends to meanings of protection, preservation, and containment, as well as encompassing groups of people or things that are gathered together. It also relates to the edge or border of something and a state of being just enough.

This root primarily concerns a reddish-brown or dark discoloration on the face, skin, or animal coat. It extends to meanings of being fond of, devoted to, or obsessed with something, often implying a burden or difficulty. It also covers the act of undertaking something difficult or burdensome.

This root primarily denotes a cave or hollow, especially a large one in a mountain. It extends metaphorically to mean a refuge or shelter, and also includes place names and personal names.

This root primarily relates to concepts of gathering, collecting, and coming together. It also extends to meanings of moving towards a place, specifically the city of Kufa, and by extension, experiencing hardship or being in a difficult situation. Additionally, it encompasses the letter 'kaf' and its grammatical functions.

This root primarily concerns the interrogative particle 'how' and its various grammatical treatments and meanings. It also extends to the concept of 'manner' or 'quality' and, in a less common usage, to the act of cutting or a piece cut off.

This root primarily relates to the act of eating, specifically consuming food thoroughly and with gusto. It can also extend to the idea of consuming or devouring something in a general sense.

This root primarily describes cavities, hollows, or eroded areas, particularly in the context of water erosion in wells, valleys, or natural formations. It also extends to concepts of digging, widening, and sheltering.

This root primarily concerns covering, enveloping, and clothing, often with a sense of warmth or protection. It extends to concepts of generosity, persistence in asking, and even the dimming of the moon or a decrease in wealth.

This root primarily relates to striking forcefully, with derived terms also referring to thin, flat stones, a type of light froth or foam, and a specific type of stone used for writing.

This root primarily describes the act of shining, glittering, or sparkling. It also extends to refer to a specific type of plant or its fruit, and a place name.

This root primarily concerns gentleness, kindness, and subtlety. It extends to concepts of being delicate, small, or refined, and also encompasses actions of being kind, gifting, or subtly interacting with something.

This root appears to describe a specific type of gaze or look, particularly associated with predators like lions or camels. It involves a repeated action of looking, then averting the gaze, and looking again.

The root لغف (l-gh-f) primarily relates to licking, consuming food quickly, and intense gazing. It extends to meanings of being a companion, a thief, or speaking excessively and harshly.

This root primarily concerns the concept of being thick, abundant, or gathered together, often related to flesh, particularly in the thighs. It extends to meanings of heaviness, collection, and mixing of diverse groups of people.