Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes a state of lushness, abundance, and fertility, particularly in vegetation. It also extends to the act of chewing or masticating, especially with difficulty, and can refer to unclear speech or thin dough.

This root primarily relates to the excessive production of saliva, often associated with crying or intense emotion. It describes a state of the mouth and face being wet with drool.

This root appears to describe a state of exhaustion or inability to perform a task, leading to continued effort despite being incapacitated. It relates to struggling or persevering when one is weary or has become weak.

This root primarily concerns exceeding bounds, transgression, and rebellion against divine authority. It is often associated with idols, false deities, and figures who lead others astray.

This root appears to be related to a specific, possibly rare, term for a snake. The primary derived word points to this meaning.

This root primarily relates to the concept of a swarm, a crowd, or a multitude, often with negative connotations of being unruly, noisy, or base. It extends to specific types of plants and insects that appear in swarms.

This root describes the act of crushing or flattening something underfoot. It implies a forceful treading that leads to the object being broken or spread out.

This root primarily denotes the act of crushing, smashing, or breaking something, particularly if it is hollow or soft. It implies a forceful impact that causes a crack or fracture, often without completely destroying the object.

The root فرغ (f-r-gh) primarily relates to emptiness, void, and cessation. It extends to concepts of emptying, finishing, dedicating oneself to something, and also to physical emptiness like a wide space or an empty vessel. Metaphorically, it can signify death or a lack of sustenance.

The root فشغ (f-sh-gh) primarily relates to the concepts of widening, spreading, and becoming abundant. It extends to notions of covering, overwhelming, and growing in number, particularly concerning offspring or abstract concepts like good fortune or news. It also encompasses meanings related to laziness, physical protrusion, and specific agricultural or animal husbandry terms.

This root primarily relates to the act of crushing or breaking something, often with a sense of force or violence. It can also extend metaphorically to describe someone who speaks in a pompous or affected manner, as if crushing the words.

This root primarily concerns the concept of splitting, cleaving, or breaking something open, particularly the head. It can also refer to a type of plant or a measure of volume.

This root appears to relate to striking or hitting with the hand. However, its authenticity and usage are questioned.

This root primarily concerns speech impediments and difficulties in articulation. It describes a condition where certain sounds are mispronounced or where speech is generally unclear due to tongue issues or a general lack of clarity.

This root primarily concerns the act of being bitten or stung, particularly by venomous creatures like snakes and scorpions. It extends to metaphorical uses, signifying being harmed or provoked by words or actions.

This root pertains to the drying or hardening of skin, particularly when it becomes dry and stiff on bone.

This root primarily relates to the act of moistening or enriching food, particularly with fats or oils. It also extends to describe a lisp or impediment in speech and refers to a specific type of bird.

This root describes a color, specifically a golden hue, often associated with shining or gleaming.

This root primarily relates to the act of moving something around in the mouth and then expelling it. It also extends to the concept of adhering to or staying with something, and metaphorically to a dark discoloration around a nipple.

This root primarily relates to speech, particularly unclear or foolish speech, and also extends to the idea of something being easily swallowed or palatable. It can also describe a foolish person or the act of trying to snatch something.

This root primarily relates to the flow of saliva or liquid, and by extension, to smearing, anointing, and luxuriating in something. It also encompasses concepts of grazing, eating, and defiling.

This root primarily relates to the concept of leaping, jumping, or bounding. It describes a vigorous and sudden movement, often associated with agility or perhaps even aggression.

This root primarily relates to a type of eating, a method of dyeing or coloring fabric, and the act of finding fault or defect in something. It also encompasses terms for worn-out items and a specific technique involving mud and thorns.

This root primarily concerns the act of chewing or masticating food. It extends to the idea of chewing something thoroughly or the substance being chewed.

This root primarily concerns the act of chewing, masticating, and the physical substances involved in this process. It extends to describe the texture and consistency of food, parts of the mouth involved in chewing, and metaphorically, small or insignificant matters.

This root primarily relates to mixing, blending, or making something indistinct. It also extends to concepts of excessive richness, unclear speech, and a specific way of watering animals.

This root primarily concerns foolishness, particularly in speech and behavior. It describes someone who is foolish, talks obscenely, or is heedless of their words and what is said to them. It also extends to describing speech or actions that are nonsensical or worthless.

This root primarily relates to the movement or flow of water, specifically its appearance and perhaps its quality. It is often compared to the verb 'ماءت' which also describes water's state.

The root نبغ (nabagha) primarily relates to the idea of emerging, appearing, or becoming prominent, often unexpectedly. It is frequently used for things that come forth from a container, for talent or skill that manifests, and for abstract concepts like hypocrisy that become visible.

This root primarily concerns the act of finding fault with someone or something, often through subtle or hidden means. It also extends to a specific type of suppressed or mocking laughter.

The root 'ndgh' primarily relates to the concept of poking, prodding, or stinging, often with a finger or a pointed object. It extends to metaphorical meanings like provoking with words, suppressing laughter, and even refers to a type of wild thyme and its honey.

This root primarily concerns the act of instigating discord, inciting conflict, and causing corruption between people. It also extends to the idea of a subtle push, a jab, or a whisper that leads to negative actions or feelings, often attributed to Satanic influence.

The root 'نسغ' primarily relates to the act of piercing, poking, or inserting something into another substance. This core meaning extends to concepts of stabbing, pricking, and even the metaphorical piercing of words. It also encompasses related ideas like the growth of plants, spreading out, and seeking out.

This root primarily concerns the act of administering liquids or medicine into the nose or throat, often forcefully or in large amounts. It extends to related concepts like choking, gasping, teaching by rote, and intense longing or obsession.

This root primarily concerns anatomical terms related to the throat and ear, specifically fleshy growths or parts within these areas. It also extends to describe a condition affecting these parts and, metaphorically, movement.

This root primarily relates to the formation of blisters or pustules on the skin, often due to heat or irritation. It describes the process of blistering and the resulting blistered state.

This root primarily relates to the concept of mixture, variation, or a soft, yielding part. It is used to describe mixed colors, the soft spot on an infant's head, and the top or peak of something, like a mountain.

This root primarily relates to the concept of sleep, particularly a deep or prolonged slumber. It also extends to describe things that are large or vast, and in a negative sense, to describe a woman as promiscuous.

This root describes the action of something breaking or bursting open, particularly when falling. It conveys a sense of sudden rupture or fragmentation upon impact.

This root appears to describe someone who is foolish or lacking in intelligence. It also carries connotations of being physically unattractive or ill-formed in character.

This root appears to refer to a specific type of edible plant, possibly a type of truffle or fungus. The primary derived term describes this plant.

This root pertains to the sound or act of gargling. It is noted that a verb form is rarely derived from this root due to its perceived awkwardness and unpleasantness in pronunciation, except when a poet is compelled to use it.

This root describes a state of weakness, specifically due to hunger or illness. It conveys a sense of being frail, feeble, or on the verge of collapse from such conditions.

This root appears to describe a woman who is playful, teasing, and resistant, and also refers to a small wild animal.

This root primarily relates to death, specifically a swift or sudden demise. It also extends to the physical act of crushing or smashing, particularly the head or temple.

This root primarily concerns the act of muffling or concealing one's voice, particularly in the context of flirtation or seduction. It extends to describe a woman who is flirtatious, seductive, or even promiscuous.

This root primarily describes intense hunger and related concepts. It also extends to terms for a wicked woman, fine dust or dust storms, small lice, a type of edible plant, a foolish person, and a bird.

This root appears to denote something abundant or plentiful. However, it is noted as not being in common usage.

This root primarily relates to abundance, particularly in water, sustenance, and general well-being. It describes a state of prosperity, fertility, and plentiful resources, often associated with good living conditions.