Lisan al-Arab (Ibn Manzur, d. 711H)

This root primarily describes intensity, strength, and boldness. It is often associated with fierce animals like lions and brave warriors, highlighting their formidable and courageous nature.

This root relates to steadfastness, courage, and a certain type of person. It describes someone who is unyielding and firm in their position, particularly in the context of battle. It also encompasses notions of piety and integrity.

This root primarily denotes intense darkness, particularly at night. It extends to describe things that are intensely black or large, and metaphorically to slow or heavy movement.

This root appears to describe something small in stature or creation. It is also used to describe a young girl who is immodest or lacks shame, though this specific usage might be less common or replaced by another word.

The root حيس (ḥaysa) primarily relates to the concept of mixing, blending, or confusing things together. This often applies to food preparations involving mixed ingredients, but can also extend to metaphorical mixing or confusion, such as in matters of religion or social standing.

This root primarily concerns the act of taking, seizing, or plundering something, often with an implication of force or illegitimacy. It extends to concepts of plunder as a reward, and metaphorically to injustice and darkness.

The root خرس (kh-r-s) primarily relates to the absence or loss of speech, muteness, or silence. It extends to concepts of stillness, lack of sound, and by extension, things that are hidden, old, or unmoving.

This root appears to relate to something small, insignificant, or trivial. It is particularly noted in the context of negation, suggesting a lack of substance or importance.

This root primarily relates to darkness and silence. It also extends to meanings of humility, submission, and quietude, often associated with a subdued or defeated state.

This root primarily concerns concepts of baseness, meanness, and lowliness, applying to both character and material worth. It also extends to descriptions of something being insignificant, diminished, or of poor quality, and can describe physical unattractiveness.

The root خفس (khfs) primarily relates to speaking or acting offensively and offensively. It extends to concepts of dilution, moderation, and even small quantities, often in a negative or vulgar context.

The root خلس (khls) primarily denotes the act of taking something stealthily, quickly, or by surprise. It extends to concepts of seizing an opportunity, suddenness, and also describes mixed colors or appearances, and mixed heritage.

This root primarily concerns the number five and its derivatives. It extends to concepts related to the fifth day, five parts, and actions involving five entities, often used metaphorically for cunning or complex schemes.

This root primarily concerns the concept of the number five and its derivatives. It extends to things that are five in number, five cubits long, or related to the fifth day of the week. It also encompasses concepts like taking a fifth, a fifth part, and military units or divisions.

This root primarily describes things that are old, strong, firm, and heavy. It extends to concepts of being courageous, stout, unpleasant in appearance, and intensely dark. It also includes terms for old dates, wine, and a specific type of stone.

This root appears to be extremely rare and possibly obscure, primarily associated with the hyena. Its usage seems limited to specific poetic contexts and potentially archaic descriptions.

This root primarily relates to reduction, diminution, and a specific type of emaciation or leanness, particularly in animals. It also encompasses the act of piercing or thrusting with spears.

This root primarily relates to concepts of abundance, density, and dark colors, particularly associated with dates and their products. It also extends to descriptions of color in animals and the earth, and to terms for specific birds and insects.

This root appears to describe something large or immense, possibly with a connotation of bulkiness or heaviness. It is primarily used as an adjective to denote significant size.

The root دحس primarily relates to the concept of inserting, pushing, or stuffing something into another, often with a connotation of causing disruption or filling. It extends to meanings of corrupting relationships, concealing matters, and physically filling spaces or containers.

This root primarily describes something that is dark, black, and large, often associated with the night or dark complexions. It can also refer to a person who is dark-skinned and stout.

This root primarily describes something obscure, unclear, or hidden. It extends to concepts of deception, things lacking substance, and also refers to a type of black, large individual or tribe.

This root primarily describes something intense, strong, or formidable, particularly when referring to people or animals. It can also denote a covering or concealment, often associated with darkness or obscurity.

This root primarily deals with concepts of fierceness, aggression, and imposing presence, often associated with animals like dogs and camels, or with formidable individuals. It also extends to meanings of advancement, submission, and even specific objects or ailments.

This root appears to be related to a specific medicinal substance or drug. The primary derived term is identified as a Roman loanword adapted into Arabic, signifying a type of medicine.

This root appears to relate to concepts of thickness, coarseness, and perhaps slowness or heaviness, particularly when describing animals like camels. It may also extend to descriptions of physical build or character traits associated with such qualities.

This root primarily describes large, strong, and imposing camels, particularly those that are massive or easy to ride. It also extends to describe something large or significant, including silk and a large landmark.

This root primarily relates to the concept of covering, concealing, or hiding something. It extends to the idea of being hidden or obscure, and by extension, to things that are dark or difficult to perceive.

This root appears to describe intensity, strength, and severity, particularly in relation to men. It conveys a sense of being formidable or formidable in character.

This root appears to relate to a lack of intelligence or understanding, specifically describing someone as foolish or dull-witted. The term's origin is noted as potentially non-Arabic.

This root primarily concerns the act of thrusting, stabbing, or trampling, often with force. It extends to concepts of impact, repeated treading, and the resulting tracks or worn paths. Metaphorically, it can refer to sexual intercourse and intense effort in conflict.

This root primarily describes a specific type of ritualistic or celebratory dance performed by Zoroastrians (Magians). It involves circling, holding hands, and a form of playful tumbling or falling upon one another, often associated with their religious practices.

This root primarily relates to the concept of something being corrupted, spoiled, or inwardly flawed. It can also extend to meanings of being hidden, concealed, or obscure, often implying a negative or untrustworthy quality.

This root appears to relate to a darkening or blackening of the face, possibly due to illness or distress. It is a rare root with limited attestation.

This root primarily describes foolishness, stupidity, and lack of intelligence in women and men. It also extends to meanings of laziness, stinginess, and being slow or sluggish.

This root appears to relate to the concept of wasting or losing one's wealth. It is primarily attested in classical Arabic poetry and lexicographical discussions, with limited modern usage.

This root primarily relates to the concept of going, disappearing, or becoming hidden. It also includes a specific noun for a small creature and a proper name.

This root appears to be related to a specific type of silk or fine fabric. The primary meaning revolves around the word for silk itself.

This root primarily relates to concepts of overwhelming, covering, and abundance. It describes states of heavy sleep, things that are abundant or numerous, and also actions of stuffing or concealing.

This root primarily concerns concepts of darkness, obscurity, and concealment. It extends to deception, trickery, and hiding flaws, particularly in trade. It also encompasses the idea of something being hidden or obscure, like remnants of plants or a hidden path.

This root describes something large and imposing, particularly a female camel or a bold woman. It also conveys a sense of being unyielding, audacious, or disobedient, especially in a nocturnal context.

This root primarily relates to intense darkness, particularly of the night. It also extends to describe a lion or a brave, resolute person, likely due to the association of darkness with stealth and ferocity.