Lane's Lexicon (Edward Lane, 1863)

مَنْجَنِيقٌ منجنيق (S, M, Msb, K) and مِنْجَنِيقٌ (Msb, K) and ↓ مَنْجَنُوقٌ (Lth, IAar, Msb, K) [ A kind of balista; ] an instrument [or engine of war ] with which stones are cast (S, M, K, TA) at the enemy; made by binding [ in some manner ] very tall wooden poles, whereon is placed what is to be cast, which is then struck with a long pole, and so cast to a very distant place: [this imperfect description (the only one that I have found of this engine) seems to show that it was of a very simple and rude construction:] it is an ancient instrument, anterior to the invention [or use] of gunpowder and cannons by the Christians; and was used by Mohammad in the siege of Et-Táïf; but the first [of the Arabs] who used it in the time of paganism is said to have been Jedheemeh El-Abrash, of the Mulook et-Tawáïf: (TA:) pl. مَنْجَنِيقَاتٌ (S, Msb, K) and مَنْجَنُوقَاتٌ (Lth, TA) and مَجَانِيقُ (Sb, S, Msb, K) and مَجَانِقُ: (K:) dim. ↓ مُجَيْنِيقٌ: (Sb, S:) it is fem., (Lth, S, Msb, K, *) preferably, (Lth, TA,) and in most instances; (Msb;) and hence it is also called الأُنْثَى; (M in art. انث;) but sometimes it is masc.: (Msb, K:) and is arabicized, (S, Msb, K,) from the Persian (S, K) مَنْ Jِى نِيكْ, i. e. “ How excellent am I! ” (S,) or مَنْ Jِهْ نِيكْ, i. e. “ I, how excellent am I! ” (K;) [Golius asserts it to be from the Greek μάγγανον but this is the original of مَنْجَنُونٌ, which has a different meaning: its derivation, however, seems to have been unknown to the Arabs in general; for] some say that مَنْجَنِيقٌ is of the measure مَفْعَلِيلٌ, [so in copies of the S, but correctly مَنْفَعِيلٌ, as in the Msb and TA,] because of the phrase نُجْنَقُ مَرَّةً [see 1]: (S, Msb: *) or, (Msb,) accord. to Sb, (S,) it is of the measure فَنْعَلِيلٌ; (S, Msb;) because مَجَانِيقُ is its pl. and the dim. is مُجَينِيقٌ; and because, if the م were augmentative as well as the ن, there would be two augmentative letters at the beginning of the noun, and this may not be in substs. nor in epithets that are not conformable to augmented verbs; and if the ن were made an essential part of the word, the noun would be a quadriliteral-radical, and augmentative letters are not prefixed to words of this class except nouns conformable to their verbs, like مُدَحْرَجٌ: (S, TA:) but MF says that these disquisitions are unprofitable; for in his opinion, all the letters of the word are radical, since it is a foreign word. (TA.) مَنْجَنِيِقىٌّ [app. A maker of the kind of engine called منجنيق; being mentioned as a surname:] a rel. n. from منجنيق. (K.)

جَنْكٌ جن جنك [and جُنْكٌ] A certain [ musical ] instrument, which is beaten like the عُود [or lute; namely, the Persian harp; two specimens of which are figured in Note 26 to Chap. iii. of my translation of the “Thousand and One Nights”]; mentioned by El-Khafájee in the Shifá el-Ghaleel; and often spoken of: it is an arabicized word; (MF, TA;) from the Persian JَنْG: and applied [also] to the دفّ, [دُفّ or دَفّ, i. e., tambourine, ] with which one plays. (TA.)

جَنْكِىٌّ جنك جنكى جنكي [and جُنْكِىٌّ] A player on the جنك above mentioned. (TA.)

جَنًا جن جنا i. q. جَنَأٌ [inf. n. of جَنِئَ, q. v.]. (Sgh, K.)

أَجْنَا ذ , applied to a man, i. q. أَجْنَأُ, q. v. (Sgh, K.) And [its fem.] جَنْوَاآءُ, i. q. جَنْاآءُ, (Sgh, K,) applied to a ewe, or a she-goat, meaning Having her horns bending backwards. (TA.)

1 جَنَى الثَّمَرَةَ جني الثمره جني الثمرة , (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. جَنِىَ , (S, Msb,) inf. n. جَنًى, (S, TA,) or جَنْىٌ, (so accord. to one copy of the S, and written in the accus. case جنيا in the Ham p. 355,) and جِنَايَةٌ, (Ham ib., but there without any vowel-signs,) He gathered, plucked, or took from the tree, the fruit; (Mgh, TA;) i. q. ↓ اجتناها (S, Msb, K) and ↓ تجنّاها: (K:) and in like manner one says of a thing similar to fruit. (TA.) One says also, جَنَاهَا لَهُ and جَنَاهُ اـِيَّاهَا [ He gathered it, plucked it, or took it from the tree, for him ]. (A'Obeyd, K.) And جَنَيْتُكَ أَكْمُؤًا [ I gathered for thee truffles ]. (TA.) And جَنَى ذَهَبًا He collected gold from its mine. (TA.) ― -b2- Aboo-Dhu-eyb uses this verb metaphorically, in the phrase جَنَى العُلَى, meaning (tropical:) [ He acquired ] eminence, or nobility. (TA.) ― -b3- You also say, جَنَى عَلَيْهِ, (S,) or عَلَى قَوْمِهِ, (Msb,) inf. n. جِنَايَةٌ, (S, Msb,) (tropical:) He committed, [ against him, or] against his people, or party, a crime, or an offence for which he should be punished; (Msb;) as also ↓ جاناهُ [or جانى قَوْمِهِ]: (TK in art. جر:) [and (tropical:) he brought an injury upon him, or them: ] and جَنَى الذَّنْبِ عَلَيْهِ, aor. جَنِىَ , inf. n. جِنَايَةٌ, (K,) with kesr, (TA,) (tropical:) He committed the crime, offence, or injurious action, against him; syn. جَرَّهُ اـِلَيْهِ: (K: [see art. جر:]) thus used, also, the verb is metaphorical, from جَنَى الثَّمَرَةَ: (Er-Rághib, TA:) and so in the phrase, جَنَى شَرًّا, meaning (tropical:) He brought to pass an evil thing or action. (Mgh.) [See also جِنَايَةٌ, below.] It is said in a trad., لَا يَجْنِى جَانٍ اـِلَّا عَلَى نَفْسِهِ (assumed tropical:) [ An injurer shall not bring injury save on himself ]; meaning that one shall not be prosecuted for an injurious action committed by another, of his relations or of others. (TA.) And a poet says, جَانِيكَ مَنْ يَجْنِى عَلَيْكَ وَقَدْ تُعْدِي الصِّجَاحَ فَتَجْرَبُ الجُرْبُ [which may be rendered, (assumed tropical:) Thine injurer whom thou shouldst punish is he who brings an injury upon thee: but sometimes the mangy camels infect the sound ones so that these become mangy; and thus a criminal sometimes brings punishment upon his relations: for] A'Obeyd says that جانيك من يجنى عليك is a prov. applied to the case of a man who is punished for an injurious action; because brothers [sometimes] bring injury upon a man [by occasioning his being punished for an injurious action which they have themselves committed], as the latter hemistich of the verse cited above indicates: but AHeyth says that this prov. means الجَانِى لَكَ الخَيْرَ مَنْ يَجْنِى عَلَيْكَ الشَّرَّ [ The person bringing thee good is he who brings, or will bring, upon thee evil: perhaps intended as a caution; for the Arabs often suspect that a benefactor has some evil intention]: and he cites the following hemistich: تُعْدِي الصِّحَاحَ مَبَارِكُ الجُرْبِ [meaning Sometimes the places where the mangy camels lie down, and which afford benefit to other camels, infect the sound ones]. (TA. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov., i. 298.]) You say also, جَنَيْتَ هٰذَا عَلَى نَفْسِكَ [ Thou hast brought this as an injury upon thyself ]. (K in art. جل.)

3 جانى عَلَيْهِ جاني عليه جاني علية , inf. n. مُجَانَاةٌ, He accused him of a جِنَايَة [or crime, &c.]. (TA.) ― -b2- See also 1.

4 اجنى أج أجنى أجني اجنى اجني جنى جنين آجن آجني آجنيي said of a tree, (S, K,) or of a palmtree, (Msb,) It had ripe fruit: (S:) or it attained to the time for the gathering of its fruit: (Msb:) or it attained to maturity: (K:) or, said of a tree, it had fruit to be gathered and eaten: and, said of fruit, it became ripe: (TA:) and, said of grass, or herbage, it became abundant. (KL.) ― -b2- And اجنتِ الأَرْضُ The land had much جَنًى, (S, Msb, K,) i. e. herbage, and truffles, and the like. (S.)

5 تَجَنَّىَ see 1. ― -b2- تجنّى عَلَيْهِ, (S, * K,) or تجنّى عليه ذَنْبًا, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) He accused him of a crime, an offence, or an injurious action, that he had not committed; (S, K;) i. e. he forged against him the charge of his having committed a crime, &c., he being guiltless [ thereof ]: (TA:) النَّجَنِّى being like التَّجَرُّمُ. (S.) You say also, يَتَجَنَّى عَلَيْنَا مَا لَمْ نَجْنِهِ [ He accuses us of committing what we did not commit ]. (Abu-l-'Abbás, TA in art. جرم.)

8 اـِجْتَنَىَ see 1. ― -b2- اِجْتَنَيْنَا مَاآءِ مَطَرٍ We came to rainwater, and drank it: (K:) a phrase mentioned with approval by IAar, but not explained by him: thought by ISd to have this meaning. (TA.)

جَنًى جن جنى جني [in the CK جَنِىٌّ] Whatever is gathered, or plucked; as also ↓ جَنَاةٌ: (K:) or whatever is gathered, or plucked, from trees, (S,) &c.; (so in a copy of the S;) as also ↓ جَنَاةٌ: (S:) so that these two words are of the same class as حِقٌّ and حِقَّةٌ: or the latter of them is a n. un.: (TA:) or the former signfies what is gathered from trees while fresh; (Msb;) as also ↓ جَنِىٌّ: (Msb:) or this last is an epithet applied to fruit, signifying just gathered or plucked; (S, K;) or gathered, or plucked, while fresh: (TA:) and ↓ مَجْنًى, also, pl. مَجَانٍ, signifies fruit gathered or plucked: (Har p. 369:) جَنًى also signifies fruit [ ready to be gathered or plucked ]; so in the Kur lv. 54: (Jel:) and is applied to fresh ripe dates: (Fr, K:) and grapes: (TA:) and truffles, and the like: (S:) and even cotton: (TA:) and herbage: (S:) and gold, (K,) which is collected from its mine: (TA:) and cowries, (K,) as though gathered from the sea: (TA:) and honey, (K,) when it is gathered: (TA:) pl. أَجْنَاآءٌ (K) and أَجْنٍ, originally أَجْنُىٌ. (TA.) Hence the saying, هٰذَا جَنَاى وَ خِيَارُهُ فِيهِ اـِذْكُلُّ جَانٍ يَدُهُ اـِلَى فِيهِ [ This is what I have gathered, and the best of it is in it; when every gatherer but myself has his hand to his mouth ]: or, accord. to one reading, وَ هِجَانُهُ فِيهِ (which has the same meaning, TA in art. هجن): a prov., ascribed by Ibn-El-Kelbee to 'Amr Ibn-' Adee El-Lakhmee, the son of the daughter of Jedheemeh: he says that Jedheemeh had ordered the people to gather for him truffles, and some of them ate the best that they found; but ' Amr brought to him the best that he found, and addressed to him these words: and 'Alee is related to have repeated them on an occasion of his entering the government-treasury; meaning that he had not defiled himself with anything of the tribute belonging to the Muslims, but had put it in its places. (TA.)

جَنَاةٌ جاني جن جناه جناة جنى : see جَنًى, in two places.

جَنِىٌّ جن جنى جني : see جَنًى. Also Dates cut from the tree. (TA.)

جِنَايَةٌ جنايه جناية , primarily, The act of gathering, plucking, or taking from a tree, fruit: [see 1:] ― -b2- then, (assumed tropical:) The bringing to pass an evil thing, or action: (Mgh, Kull p. 147:) ― -b3- then, (assumed tropical:) Evil, [ itself ]: ― -b4- then, (assumed tropical:) The doing a forbidden action: (Kull ib.:) specially used in this last sense; though it has a general application: (Mgh:) ― -b5- [as a simple subst., it generally signifies] A crime, an offence, or an injurious action, for which one should be punished: (Msb:) or an action that a man commits requiring punishment or retaliation to be inflicted upon him in the present world and in the world to come: (TA:) or any forbidden injurious action: (Kull p. 134:) and in the language of the lawyers, especially a wounding: and an amputation, or a maiming: (Msb:) and ↓ جَنِيَّةٌ signifies the same as جِنَايَةٌ: (Ham p. 241:) the pl. of جناية is جِنَايَاتٌ and جَنَايَا; but the latter of these pls. is of rare occurrence. (Msb.)

جَنِيَّةٌ جني جنيه جنية : see what next precedes. -A2- Also A [ garment such as is called ] رِدَاآء (K, TA,) of a round form, (TA,) made of [ the kind of cloth termed ] خَزّ. (K, TA.)

جَانٍ جان جاني A gatherer of fruit [&c.]: ― -b2- and also (assumed tropical:) A committer of a جِنَايَة [or crime, &c.]: (K, * TA:) pl. جُنَاةٌ (S, K) and جُنَّاآءٌ (Sb, K) and [of pauc.] أَجْنَاآءٌ, which last is extr., (S, K,) or doubtful. (S.) Hence the prov., أَجْنَاؤُهَا أَبْنَاؤُهَا, explained in art. بنى. (S, TA.) ― -b3- [Hence also,] الجَانِى (assumed tropical:) The wolf. (IAar, TA voce جَابٍ, q. v.) -A2- Also i. q. لَقَّاحٌ; (IAar, Az, TA;) i. e. A fecundater of palm-trees. (Az, TA.)

الجَوَانِى الجوانى الجواني جواني i. q. الجَوَانِبُ [pl. of الجَانِبُ]; (K;) similar to الثَّعَالِى and الأَرَانِى. (TA.)

مَجْنًى مج مجن مجنى مجني مجنيي : see جَنًى.

مُجْتَنًى ماج مج مجتنى مجتني A place of gathering, or plucking, fruits, &c. (TA.)

1 جَهَدَ جهد , (S, A, L, &c.,) aor. جَهَدَ , (K,) inf. n. جَهْدٌ, (TA,) He strove, laboured, or toiled; exerted himself or his power or efforts or endeavours or ability; employed himself vigorously, strenuously, laboriously, diligently, studiously, sedulously, earnestly, or with energy; was diligent, or studious; took pains, or extraordinary pains; (S, A, L, K;) فِى كَذَا in such a thing; (S;) or فِى الأَمْرِ in the affair; (A;) as also ↓ اجتهد; (A, K;) and so ↓ جاهد, with respect to speech and actions: (L:) or جَهَدَ فِى الأَمْرِ, aor. and inf. n. as above, he did his utmost, or used his utmost power or efforts or endeavours or ability, in prosecuting the affair: (Msb:) and ↓ اجتهد and ↓ تجاهد he exerted unsparingly his power, or ability: (S, A, K:) or فِى الأَمْرِ ↓ اجتهد he exerted unsparingly his power, or ability, in the prosecution of the affair, so as to effect his utmost. (Msb.) You say also, اِجْهَدْ جَهَدَكَ فِى هذَا الأَمْرِ (tropical:) Do thine utmost in this affair: (Fr, S, K: *) but not جُهْدَكَ. (Fr, S.) And رَأْيَهُ ↓ اجتهد (tropical:) He took pains, or put himself to trouble or fatigue, to form a right judgment or opinion. (MA.) And رَأْيِى وَنَفْسِى حَتَّى ↓ اِجْتَهَدْتُ بَلَغْتُ مَجْهُودِى (assumed tropical:) I exerted my judgment and my mind so that I attained the utmost of my power, or ability. (T, L.) ― -b2- جَهَدَبِهِ He tried, proved, or examined, him, (L, K,) عَنِ الخَيْرِ وَ غَيْرِهِ [ respecting good qualities, &c.]. (L.) -A2- جَهَدَهُ, (Mgh, L, Msb,) aor. جَهَدَ , (Mgh, L,) inf. n. جَهْدٌ, (L, Msb,) It, (an affair, and a disease,) and he, (a man,) affected him severely; harassed, embarrassed, distressed, afflicted, troubled, inconvenienced, fatigued, or wearied, him: (Msb:) it (disease, L and K, and fatigue, and love, L) rendered him lean; emaciated him: (L, K:) he burdened him beyond his power; imposed upon him that which was beyond his power; as also ↓ اجهدهُ: (Mgh:) and, [as also ↓ اجهدهُ,] he importuned him, harassed him, or plied him hard, in asking, begging, or petitioning. (A.) [Hence,] جُهِدَ, said of a man, He was severely affected, harassed, embarrassed, distressed, afflicted, troubled, inconvenienced, fatigued, or wearied: (S, L:) or was grieved, or made sorry or unhappy. (L.) And أَصَابَهُمْ قُحُوطٌ مِنَ المَطَرِ فَجُهِدُوا جَهْدًا شَدِيدًا Drought befell them, and they consequently became severely distressed. (S.) And جُهِدُوا They were, or became, afflicted with drought, barrenness, or dearth; or with drought, and dryness of the earth. (L.) And رَجُلٌ يَجْهَدُ أَنْ يَحْمِلَ سِلَاحَهُ مِنَ الضَّعْفِ, for يَجْهَدُ نَفْسَهُ, A man who imposes upon himself a difficulty, or trouble, or fatigue, or a difficult or severe task, or who strains, or strains himself, in the carrying of his weapons, or arms, by reason of weakness. (Mgh.) And جَهَدَ دَابَّتَهُ and ↓ اجهدها He jaded, harassed, distressed, fatigued, or wearied, his beast; i. q. ↓ بَلَغَ جَهْدَهَا: (K:) or he tasked, or plied, his beast beyond his power in journeying, or marching, or in respect of pace. (S, Msb.) And أَجْهَدْتُهُ عَلَى أَنْ يَفْعَلَ كَذَا وَ كَذَا [ I importuned him, or harassed him, to do such and such things ]. (L.) ― -b2- Also, (S, Msb,) aor. as above, (A,) and so the inf. n., (Msb,) (tropical:) He deprived it (namely, milk,) of its butter, (S, A, K,) entirely: (S, K:) or churned it so as to extract its butter and render it sweet and pleasant: or mixed it with water: (Msb:) or diluted it so that it consisted for the most part of water: and in like manner it is used in relation to broth. (A.) ― -b3- Hence, (Msb,) جَهَدَهَا (assumed tropical:) He lay with her; or compressed her: (L, Msb, from a trad.:) or i. q. دَفَعَهَا, and حَفَزَهَا [which has a similar meaning]. (L.) ― -b4- جَهَدَ الطَّعَامِ (assumed tropical:) He desired the food eagerly; longed for it; (S, K;) as also ↓ اجهدهُ. (K.) And جُهِدَ الطَّعَامُ and ↓ أُجْهِدَ (assumed tropical:) The food was eagerly desired, or longed for. (S.) ― -b5- Also (tropical:) He ate much of the food: (S, K:) he left nothing of it. (A.) You say also, هٰذَا كَلَأٌ يَجْهَدُهُ المَالُ (assumed tropical:) This is herbage, or pasture, of which the cattle eat perseveringly. (AA, TA.) -A3- جَهِدَ It (a state of life) was, or became, hard, difficult, strait, or distressful. (S, K.)

3 جِهَادٌ جهاد , inf. n. of جاهد, properly signifies The using, or exerting, one's utmost power, efforts, endeavours, or ability, in contending with an object of disapprobation; and this is of three kinds, namely, a visible enemy, the devil, and one's self; all of which are included in the term as used in the Kur xxii. 77. (Er-Rághib, TA.) See also 1, first sentence. You say, جاهد العَدُوَّ, (JK, A, Mgh,) inf. n. as above (JK, Mgh, K) and مُجَاهَدَةٌ, (JK, K,) He fought with the enemy: (K:) or he encountered the enemy, imposing upon himself difficulty or distress or fatigue, or exerting his power or efforts or endeavours or ability, [or the utmost thereof, ] to repel him, his enemy doing the like: and hence جاهد came to be used by the Muslims to signify generally he fought, warred, or waged war, against unbelievers and the like. (Mgh.) You say also, جاهد فِى سَبِيلِ ا@للّٰهِ, inf. n. جِهَادٌ (S, Msb) and مُجَاهَدَةٌ, (S,) [ He fought, &c., in the way of God; i. e., in the cause of religion. ]

4 اجهد أجهد اجهد جهد , as trans.: see 1, in six places. ― -b2- Also He made, or incited, another, to strive or labour or toil, to exert himself or his power or efforts or endeavours or ability, &c.; trans. of 1 in the first of the senses assigned to it above. (JK.) ― -b3- أُجْهِدَ He was thrown into a state of difficulty, distress, affliction, trouble, inconvenience, or fatigue. (L.) ― -b4- اجهد مَالَهُ He consumed, or wasted, and dispersed, his property: (K:) or gave it away, and dispersed it, altogether, here and there. (En-Nadr, TA.) -A2- As intrans., He (an enemy) strove, laboured, or exerted himself, in enmity, (K, TA,) عَلَيْنَا against us. (TA.) ― -b2- He acted with energy, or with the utmost energy: so in the phrases سَارَ فَأَجْهَدَ He marched, or journeyed, and did so with energy, or with the utmost energy; and حَلَفَ بِا@للّٰهِ فَأَجْهَدَ He swore by God, and did so with energy, &c.: in which cases one should not say فَجَهَدَ. (Aboo-' Amr Ibn-El-'Alà, L.) ― -b3- He took the course prescribed by prudence, precaution, and sound judgment, فِى الأَمْرِ in the affair; syn. اِحْتَاطَ. (L, K.) ― -b4- He became in a state of difficulty, embarrassment, distress, affliction, trouble, inconvenience, or fatigue. (L.) ― -b5- (assumed tropical:) It (a thing) became mixed, or confused. (K.) -A3- He entered upon land such as is termed جَهَاد: he went forth into the desert; and into the plain, or open country. (JK.) ― -b2- It rose up; rose into view; appeared. (JK.) You say, اجهد لِىَ القَوْمُ The people, or company of men, came within my sight, or view; syn. أَشْرَفُوا. (AA, K.) And اجهد فِيهِ الشَّيْبُ Hoariness appeared upon him, and became much: (TA:) or (tropical:) became much, and spread: (A:) or became much, and was quick in its progress, (K, TA,) and spread. (TA.) And أَجْهَدَتْ لَهُ الأَرْضُ The land became open to him. (L, K. *) And in like manner, اجهد له الطَّرِيقُ, (L,) and الحَقُّ, (L, K, *) The road, and (assumed tropical:) the truth, became open, apparent, and manifest, to him. (L, K. *) And اجهد لَكَ الأَمْرُ (assumed tropical:) The thing became, or has become, within thy power, or reach; (Aboo-Sa'eed, K;) and offered, or presented, itself to thee. (Aboo-Sa'eed, TA.)

6 تَجَاْهَدَ see 1.

8 اـِجْتَهَدَ see 1, in five places. ― -b2- اِجْتِهَادٌ as a conventional term means A lawyer's exerting the faculties [ of the mind ] to the utmost, for the purpose of forming an opinion in a case of law [ respecting a doubtful and difficult point ]: (KT:) the seeking to form a right opinion: (KL:) [ investigation of the law, or the working out a solution of any difficulty in the law, by means of reason and comparison: and] the referring a case proposed to the judge, [ respecting a doubtful and difficult point, ] from the method of analogy, to the Kur-Án and the Sunneh. (L, TA. *)

جَهْدٌ جهد Power; ability; as also ↓ جُهْدٌ; (S, A, IAth, L, Msb, K;) the latter of the dial. of El- Hijáz, and the former of other dials.; (Msb;) and ↓ مَجْهُودٌ: (A:) جهد in the Kur ix. 80 is read both جَهْد and ↓ جُهد: (S:) and جَهْدٌ signifies also labour, toil, exertion, effort, endeavour, energy, diligence, painstaking, or extraordinary painstaking: (L: [see جَهَدَ:]) or ↓ جُهْدٌ has the signification first mentioned above, (Fr, S, IAth, Msb,) and جَهْدٌ, with fet-h, is from اِجْهَدْ جَهْدَكَ فِى هٰذَا الأَمْرِ, (Fr, S,) or from جَهَدَ فِى الأَمْرِ, being an inf. n. from this verb, (Msb,) and signifies, [as also ↓ مَجْهُودٌ,] one's utmost; the utmost of one's power or ability or efforts or endeavours or energy. (Fr, S, IAth, Msb, K.) You say, بَذَلَ الجَهْدَ, (Msb in art. بلغ, &c.,) and ↓ المَجْهُودَ, (S, A,) or جَهْدَهُ, (Mgh,) [and ↓ مَجْهُودَهُ,] He exerted unsparingly his power or ability: (Mgh:) [or his utmost power or ability or efforts or endeavours or energy; as shown above.] And بَلَغَ جَهْدَهُ, (A, L,) and ↓ مَجْهُودَهُ, (A,) He accomplished the utmost of his power or ability; did his utmost. (A, L. [Like جَهَدَ جَهْدَهُ. See also بَلَغَ جَهْدَ دَابَّتِهِ, below.]) And ↓ جُهَيْدَى is syn. with جَهْدٌ; (K;) as in the saying, لَأَبْلُغَنَّ جُهَيْدَاىَ فِى الأَمْرِ (JK, TK,) i. e. I will assuredly accomplish the utmost of my power, or ability, in the affair. (TK. [In a copy of the A, جُهَيْدَاكَ; and so in the TA, I believe from that same copy.]) [So, too, is ↓ جُهَادَى; as in the saying,] جُهَادَاكَ أَنْ تَفْعَلَ The utmost of thy power, or ability, and the utmost of thy case, is, or will be, thy doing [such a thing]; syn. قُصَارَاكَ [q. v.], (JK, K,) and غَايَةُ أَمْرِكَ. (TA.) الَّذِينَ أَقْسَمُوا بِا@للّٰهِ جَهْدَ أَيْمَانِهِمْ, in the Kur [v. 58, &c.], means Who swore by God with the most energetic of their oaths: (K, * Jel:) or the strongest, or most forcible, of their oaths; جهد being originally an inf. n., and in the accus. as a denotative of state with يَجْهَدُونَ understood before it, or as an inf. n. (Bd.) ― -b2- Also Difficulty, or grievousness; embarrassment, distress, affliction, trouble, inconvenience, fatigue, or weariness; (S, A, IAth, Mgh, Msb, K;) so accord. to some who say that ↓ جُهْدٌ, with damm, has the first of the significations assigned to it above; (Msb;) as also ↓ مَجْهُودٌ: (Mgh:) a disease, or difficulty, that distresses or afflicts, a man; as also ↓ جُهْدٌ. (JK.) Hence, جَهْدُ البَلَاآءِ, (Msb,) i. e. A state of difficulty, or trouble, to which death is preferred: or largeness of one's family, or household, combined with poverty. (L, K. *) [Hence also,] بَلَغَ جَهْدَ دَابَّتِهِ, [i. e. بَلَغَ مَشَقَّتَهَا,] i. q. جَهَدَهَا: see 1. (K.) ― -b3- Also Small provision, upon which a man possessing little property can live (JK, L) with difficulty. (L.) And جَهْدٌ المُقِلِّ What a man who possesses little property can afford to give in payment of the poor-rate required by the law. (L, from a trad.)

جُهْدٌ جهد : see جَهْدٌ, in five places. -A2- Also Milk mixed [ with water: see مَجْهُودٌ]. (JK.)

جَهَادٌ جهاد Hard land: (JK, S:) or land in which is no herbage: (TA:) or hard land in which is no herbage: (K:) or level, or even, land: or rugged land: also used as an epithet; so that you say أَرْضٌ جَهَادٌ: (TA:) or level, smooth land, in which is no hill: (JK:) or the most plain and even of land, whether it have produced herbage or not, not having any mountain or hill near it: and such is what is termed a صَحْرَاآء: (ISh, TA:) or an open tract of land: (Fr, TA:) or sterile, barren, or unfruitful, land, in which is nothing; as also جَمَادٌ: pl. جُهُدٌ. (AA, L.) -A2- Also The fruit of the أَرَاك; (IAar, K;) and so جَهَاضٌ. (IAar, TA.)

مَرْعًى جَهِيدٌ مرعي جهيد (tropical:) Pasture much eaten by cattle. (S, A, K.) And أَرْضٌ جَهِيدَةُ الكَلَأِ (tropical:) Land of which the herbage is much eaten by cattle. (A.)

جُهَادَى جهاد جهادى جهادي : see جَهْدٌ.

جُهَيْدَى جهيد جهيدى جهيدي : see جَهْدٌ.

جَاهِدٌ جاهد [ Striving, labouring, or toiling; &c.: see 1. Hence,] سَيْرُنَا جَاهِدٌ [ Our journeying is laborious ]. (TA in art. اخو.) And جَهْدٌ جَاهِدٌ [ Intense labour or exertion, or the like: or severe difficulty or distress &c. ]: an intensive expression, (K, TA,) like شِعْرٌ شَاعِرٌ and لَيْلٌ لَائِلٌ. (TA.) ― -b2- (assumed tropical:) Eagerly desiring [food]; longing for [it]: (JK, S:) pl. أَجْهَادٌ. (JK.) ― -b3- غَرْثَانُ جَاهِدٌ (tropical:) Hungry and greedy, leaving no food. (A.)

مُجْهَدٌ مجهد A man thrown into a state of difficulty, embarrassment, distress, affliction, inconvenience, trouble, or fatigue. (L.)

هُوَ مُجْهَدُ لَكَ هو مجهد لك He is one who takes the course prescribed by prudence, precaution, or sound judgment, for thee; syn. مُحْتِيطٌ. (L.) And نَصِيحٌ مُجْهِدٌ A sincere, or faithful, and careful, adviser, or counsellor. (L.) ― -b2- رَجُلٌ مُجْهِدٌ A man in a state of difficulty, embarrassment, distress, affliction, inconvenience, trouble or fatigue: possessing little property; poor. (L.) ― -b3- And A man whose beast is weak by reason of fatigue. (L.)

مَجْهُودٌ مجهود Severely affected, harassed, embarrassed, distressed, afflicted, troubled, inconvenienced, fatigued, or wearied: (S, Mgh, L:) distressed, or afflicted, by disease or difficulty: (JK:) afflicted with drought, barrenness, or dearth; or with drought, and dryness of the earth: (L:) and angry. (JK.) ― -b2- A hard, difficult, strait, or distressful, state of life. (TA.) ― -b3- (tropical:) Milk deprived of its butter (S, A) entirely: (S:) or mixed with water: (Msb:) or diluted so as to consist for the most part of water; and in like manner, broth: (A:) or churned so that its butter is extracted and it is rendered sweet and pleasant: and used as meaning eagerly desired, or longed for, and drunk without its occasioning disgust, by reason of its sweetness and pleasantness: (Msb:) or eagerly desired, or longed for; and so food in general: (JK, L:) or eagerly desired, or longed for, and drunk with perseverance, on account of its pleasantness and sweetness. (L.) -A2- See also جَهْدٌ, in six places.

1 جَهَرَ جهر , (A, Msb, K,) aor. جَهَرَ , (Msb, K,) inf. n. جَهْرٌ and جِهَارٌ, (Er-Rághib, TA,) It (a thing, A, Msb) was, or became, plain, apparent, conspicuous, open, or public; syn. ظَهَرَ, (A, Msb,) and بَدَا, (TA,) and عَلَنَ: (K:) or the radical signification is, it (a thing) was, or became, exceedingly plain to be perceived, either by the sense of sight or by that of hearing. (Er-Rághib, TA.) [Accord. to some, when relating to what is visible, it is tropical; and when relating to what is audible, proper: but if so, it seems to be so much used in the former sense as to be, in that sense, conventionally regarded as proper. See also جَهْرَةٌ.] -A2- جَهُرَ, aor. جَهُرَ , [inf. n., app., جَهَارَةٌ and جُهُورَةٌ,] He (a man, TA) was, or became, great, or bulky, (K, TA,) [and therefore a conspicuous object, ] before the eyes of the beholder. (TA.) [And He was, or became, pleasing, or goodly, in aspect: see جَهَارَةٌ, below.] ― -b2- Also, (A, Msb, K,) inf. n. جَهَارَةٌ, (A, Msb,) It (the voice) rose [ so as to be plainly heard ]; was, or became, high, or loud. (A, Msb, * K.) ― -b3- Also, (S,) inf. n. جَهَارَةٌ, (TA,) He, (a man) was, or became, high, or loud, of voice. (S, TA.) -A3- جِبِر aor. جَهَرَ , (Msb,) inf. n. جَهَرٌ, (S, Msb,) He (a man) was unable to see in the sun. (S, Msb, TA.) And in like manner said of the eye. (K.) -A4- جَهَرَهُ, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. جَهْرٌ; (TA;) and جَهَرَ بِهِ; (A, Msb;) and ↓ اجهرهُ, (A, Msb, TA,) [and بِهِ ↓ اجهر;] and ↓ جَهْوَرَهُ; (TA;) He made it plain, apparent, conspicuous, open, or public. (A, Msb, TA.) ― -b2- جَهَرَ الكَلَامَ, and جَهَرَبِهِ; (K;) and ↓ اجهرهُ, inf. n. اـِجْهَارٌ; (S;) and بِهِ ↓ اجهر; (K;) and ↓ جَهْوَرَ; (TA;) and جَهَرَ بِالقَوْلِ, and بِدُعَائِهِ, and بِصَلَاتِهِ, (TA,) and بِقِرَاآءَتِهِ, (Sgh, Msb, TA,) aor. جَهَرَ , inf. n. جَهْرٌ and جِهَارٌ; (TA;) and بقرءاآته ↓ اجهر; (Sgh, Msb, TA;) He uttered the speech, and the saying, and his supplication, and his prayer, and his recitation, with a plain, or an open, voice; openly; publicly: (S, Msb, K, TA:) or جَهَرَ بِكَلَامِهِ, (A,) and بِالقَوْلِ, and ↓ جَهْوَرَ; (S;) and بِقِرَاآءَتِهِ; (A;) he uttered his speech, and the saying, and his recitation, with a raised, or loud, voice; aloud: (S, A:) and جَهَرَ الصَّوْتَ he raised the voice [ so as to make it plainly heard ]. (K.) ― -b3- جَهَرَ بِالمَعَاصِى, and ↓ اجهر, and ↓ جاهر, he made known the acts of disobedience that he had committed, by talking of them: he who does so is termed بِالمُعَاصِى ↓ مُجَاهِرٌ, and simply مُجَاهِرٌ. (TA.) And مَا فِى صَدْرِهِ ↓ اجهر He revealed what was in his bosom. (A.) And الحَدِيثَ بَعْدَ مَا هَيْنَمَهُ ↓ جَهْوَرَ He revealed the story after he had concealed it. (A.) And ↓ اجهر الأَمْرَ He made the case, or affair, notorious. (TA.) ― -b4- Also جَهَرَهُ He discovered it (K, TA) ocularly. (TA.) ― -b5- He saw him (a man) without any veil (K, TA) intervening; (TA;) as also ↓ اجتهرهُ: (K:) or he looked towards him, or regarded him. (K.) You say, مَا فِى الحَىِّ أَحَدٌ تَجْهَرَهُ عَيْنِى There is not in the tribe any one whom my eye regards as worthy of notice or respect by reason of his greatness therein; syn. تَأْخُذُهُ. (TA.) And القَوْمُ فُلَانًا ↓ اجتهر The people looked towards such a one without any veil intervening between them and him. (TA.) ― -b6- He treated him, or regarded him, with reverence, veneration, respect, or honour: (K:) or (TA) he regarded him as great in his eyes: (K, TA:) he saw him to be great in aspect, or appearance; (S;) as also ↓ اجتهرهُ (S, K) and ↓ استجرهُ: (A:) he was pleased with his beauty, and his form, or appearance, or state of apparel or the like; as also ↓ اجتهرهُ: (Lh, * K:) or he pleased him by his beauty and form or appearance &c.: (A:) or it pleased him by its beauty; as also ↓ اجتهرهُ. (TA.) ― -b7- He saw it (an army, S, A, K, and a people, TA) to be numerous in his eyes; as also ↓ اجتهرهُ. (S A, K.) -A5- جَهَرَ البِئْرَ, (S, K,) aor. جَهَرَ , inf. n. جَهْرٌ, (TA,) He cleared out the well, (S, K,) and took forth from it the black fetid mud that it contained; as also ↓ اجترها: (S:) or both signify he entirely, or nearly, exhausted the well of its water: (K:) or the former, he reached the water of the well, (K, TA,) in digging: or so جَهَرَ alone: (TA:) and accord. to Akh, جَهَرْتُ الرَّكِيَّةَ signifies I cleared out the mud that the water covered in the well, so that the water appeared and became clear. (S.) 'Áïsheh said, describing her father, دُفُنَ الرَّوَاآءِ ↓ اجتهر, lit., He cleared out the filled-up wells of abundant water so as to make the water well forth; alluding to his rectifying affairs that had become disordered. (TA from a trad.) -A6- جَهَرْنَاهُمْ We came to them in the morning, at the time called الصَّبَاح, (S, A, K, TA,) when they were inadvertent. (S, K, TA.) ― -b2- جَهَرَ الأَرْضَ He traversed the land (S, K) without knowledge. (S.) -A7- جَهَرَ السِّقَاآءَ He shook the milk-skin to make butter, (Fr, S, K,) and took forth its butter. (Fr, TA.) -A8- جَهَرَتِ الشَّمْسُ المُسَافِرَ The sun dazzled the eye, and confused the sight, of the traveller; syn. أَسْدَرَتْ عَيْنَهُ. (K.)

3 جاهر جاهر : see 1. ― -b2- [Its inf. n.] مُجَاهَرَةٌ signifies The fighting [ with any one ] face to face: and the showing open enmity, or hostility, with any one: and the reading, or reciting, a thing aloud: and the speaking loudly. (KL.) You say, جاهر بِالعَدَاوَةِ, (Msb,) inf. n. مُجَاهَرَةٌ (S, Msb) and جِهَارٌ, (Msb,) He showed open enmity or hostility, with another. (S, * Msb.) And جَاهَرْتُهُمْ بِالأَمْرِ I acted openly with them in the affair, or case; syn. عَالَنْتُهُمْ بِهِ. (JK.) [And جاهرهُ He treated him openly with enmity &c.] ― -b3- جَاهَرَهُمْ بِالأَمْرِ, (TA,) inf. n. مُجَاهَرَةٌ and جِهَارٌ, (K,) [is explained as signifying] He vied with them, or strove to overcome or surpass them, in the affair, or case. (K, * TA.) [But غالبهم, in the TA, and المُغَالَبَةُ, in the K, are here evidently mistranscriptions for عَالَنَهُمْ and المُعَالَنَةُ.]

4 أَجْهَرَ see 1, in eight places. ― -b2- اجهر also signifies He begat sons goodly in stature (IAar, K) and in aspect, (IAar, TA,) or in cheeks: (K:) or, a squint-eyed son. (IAar, K.)

6 تَجَاْهَرَ [تَجَاهُرٌ signifies The showing oneself openly: and acting openly, or being open in one's conduct or converse, with others. You say,] تَجَاهَرُوا بِالعَدَاوَةِ They showed open enmity, or hostility, one with another; syn. تَبَادَوْابِهَا. (S in art. بدو.) -A2- [And تجاهر He feigned himself unable to see in the sun: see the part. n., below.]

8 اـِجْتَهَرَ see 1, in eight places.

10 استجهرهُ استجهره استجهرة : see 1. ― -b2- Also He took it forth. (TA from a trad.)

Q. Q. 1 جَهْوَرَ جهور : see 1, in four places.

جَهْرًا جهر جهرا : see جَهْرَةٌ, in two places.

جُهْرٌ جهر : see جَهَارَةٌ, in six places.

جَهِرٌ جهر : see جَهِيرٌ, in two places.

جَهْرَةٌ جهر جهره جهرة A thing that is plain, apparent, conspicuous, open, or public. (K.) You say, رَاآهُ جَهْرَةً (S, A, &c.) He saw him, or it, [ plainly, ] without the intervention of any veil: (TA:) and ↓ راآه جِهَارًا [signifies the same: or] he saw him, or it, with exceeding plainness: (Er-Rághib, TA:) or the former signifies he saw him, or it, with his eyes, ocularly, or before his eyes, (S, A, Bd in ii. 52, Msb,) without anything intervening: (S:) so in the Kur. [ii. 52], حَتَّى نَرَى ا@للّٰهَ جَهْرَةً: (S, Bd:) and [some say that] جَهْرَةً is here originally an inf. n. of جَهَرْتُ in جَهَرْتُ بِالقِرَاآءَةِ, [like ↓ جَهْرًا,] and metaphorically used in the sense of مُعَايَنَةً: it is in the accus. case as an inf. n.: or it is thus used as a denotative of state relating to the agent or the object: and some read ↓ جَهَرَةً, as an inf. n. like غَلَبَة, or as pl. of جَاهِرٌ, and as such it is a denotative of state: (Bd:) or جَهْرَةً is here from جَهَرْتُ الرَّكِيَّةَ: (Akh, S:) accord. to Ibn-' Arafeh, it here signifies unconcealed from us: (TA:) and in the Kur. iv. 152, ocularly; not concealed from us by anything. (K, * TA.) ― -b2- You say also, كَلَّمَهُ جَهْرَةً [and ↓ جَهْرًا He spoke to him plainly, with an open voice, aloud, or publicly ]. (S, TA.) ― -b3- And ↓ لَقِيَهُ نَهَارًا جِهَارًا and ↓ جَهَارًا [ He met him in the daytime, openly, or publicly ]. (K.)

جُهْرَةٌ جهر جهره جهرة [ A blaze covering the face of a horse: or the quality of having such a blaze: ] a subst. from أَجْهَرُ applied to a horse. (TA.) ― -b2- A cast in the eye. (AA, TA. [See also أَجْهَرُ.])

جَهَرَةً جهر جهره جهرة : see جَهْرَةٌ.

جَهَارًا جهار جهارا and جِهَارًا: see جَهْرَةٌ, in three places.

جَهْوَرٌ جهور : see جَهِيرٌ. ― -b2- Also, and ↓ مُجْتَهَرٌ, An army seen to be numerous. (A.) ― -b3- And the former, Bold; daring: in the K, erroneously, ↓ جَوْهَرٌ. (TA.)

جَهِيرٌ جهير (in the TA, here, ↓ جَهِرٌ, but in another place, جَهِيرٌ,) High, loud, or vehement, speech; (Msb, K, TA;) as also ↓ مُجْهَرٌ and ↓ جَهْوَرِىٌّ: (K:) and so applied to the voice; (Msb, TA;) as also ↓ جَهْوَرِىٌّ. (A, TA.) Also, and ↓ مُجْهَرٌ (TA) and ↓ جَهْوَرِىٌّ (A, TA) and ↓ جَهْوَرٌ (A) and جَهِيرُ الصَّوْتِ (S, A) and الصَّوْتِ ↓ جَهْوَرِىُّ, (S,) A man having a high, loud, or strong voice. (S, A, TA.) ― -b2- A man (S, A) of pleasing, or goodly, aspect; (S, A, K;) as also ↓ جَهِرٌ: (K:) fem. of the former with ة: (S:) beautiful: (K:) of goodly aspect, who pleases the beholder by his beauty: and a face of goodly, or beautiful, fairness: (TA:) and ↓ أَجْهَرُ a man (TA) of goodly aspect, (K, TA,) and of goodly and perfect body. (AA, K, TA.) ― -b3- Also, (K,) or جَهِيرٌ لِلْخَيْرِ and لِلْمَعْرُوفِ, (A,) Adapted to, or constituted for, goodness: (A, K:) because he who beholds him desires his beneficence: (TA:) pl. جُهَرَاآءُ. (A, K.) -A2- Also Milk not mixed with water: (Fr, S, K:) or from which the butter has been taken forth. (TA.)