Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 9

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَالْمُسْتَقْبَلُ - نَحْوَ «كَتَبَ» فَإِنَّهُ كَلِمَةٌ دَالَّةٌ عَلَى مَعْنًى وَهُوَ الْكِتَابَةُ، وَهَذَا الْمَعْنَى مُقْتَرِنٌ بِالزَّمَانِ الْمَاضِي، وَنَحْوَ «يَكْتُبُ» فَإِنَّهُ دَالٌّ عَلَى مَعْنًى - وَهُوَ الْكِتَابَةُ أَيْضاً - وَهَذَا الْمَعْنَى مُقْتَرِنٌ بِالزَّمَانِ الْحَاضِرِ، وَنَحْوَ «اكْتُبْ» فَإِنَّهُ كَلِمَةٌ دَالَّةٌ عَلَى مَعْنًى - وَهُوَ الْكِتَابَةُ أَيْضاً - وَهَذَا الْمَعْنَى مُقْتَرِنٌ بِالزَّمَانِ الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ الَّذِي بَعْدَ زَمَانِ التَّكَلُّمِ.

As for the future—take for example 'kataba' (he wrote), for it is a word indicating a meaning, which is writing, and this meaning is associated with the past time; and take for example 'yaktubu' (he writes), for it indicates a meaning—which is also writing—and this meaning is associated with the present time; and take for example 'uktub' (write!), for it is a word indicating a meaning—which is also writing—and this meaning is associated with the future time that is after the time of speaking.

وَمِثْلُ هَذِهِ الْأَلْفَاظِ: نَصَرَ وَيَنْصُرُ وَانْصُرْ، وَفَهِمَ وَيَفْهَمُ وَافْهَمْ، وَعَلِمَ وَيَعْلَمُ وَاعْلَمْ، وَجَلَسَ وَيَجْلِسُ وَاجْلِسْ، وَضَرَبَ وَيَضْرِبُ وَاضْرِبْ.

Examples of such terms are: nasara, yansuru, unsur; fahima, yafhamu, ifham; 'alima, ya'lamu, i'lam; jalasa, yajlisu, ijlis; and daraba, yadribu, idrib.

وَالْفِعْلُ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَنْوَاعٍ: مَاضٍ، وَمُضَارِعٌ، وَأَمْرٌ:

The verb is of three types: past, present, and imperative.

فَالْمَاضِي: مَا دَلَّ عَلَى حَدَثٍ وَقَعَ فِي الزَّمَانِ الَّذِي قَبْلَ زَمَانِ التَّكَلُّمِ، نَحْوَ كَتَبَ، وَفَهِمَ، وَخَرَجَ، وَسَمِعَ، وَأَبْصَرَ، وَتَكَلَّمَ، وَاسْتَغْفَرَ، وَاشْتَرَكَ.

The past is what indicates an event that occurred in the time before the time of speaking, such as kataba, fahima, kharaja, sami'a, absara, takallama, istaghfara, and ishtaraka.

وَالْمُضَارِعُ: مَا دَلَّ عَلَى حَدَثٍ يَقَعُ فِي زَمَانِ التَّكَلُّمِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ، نَحْوَ يَكْتُبُ، وَيَفْهَمُ، وَيَخْرُجُ، وَيَسْمَعُ، وَيَنْصُرُ، وَيَتَكَلَّمُ، وَيَسْتَغْفِرُ، وَيَشْتَرِكُ.

The present is what indicates an event that occurs in the time of speaking or after it, such as yaktubu, yafhamu, yakhruju, yasma'u, yansuru, yatakallamu, yastaghfiru, and yashtariku.

وَالْأَمْرُ: مَا دَلَّ عَلَى حَدَثٍ يُطْلَبُ حُصُولُهُ بَعْدَ زَمَانِ التَّكَلُّمِ، نَحْوَ اكْتُبْ، وَافْهَمْ، وَاخْرُجْ، وَاسْمَعْ، وَانْصُرْ، وَتَكَلَّمْ، وَاسْتَغْفِرْ، وَاشْتَرِكْ.

The imperative is what indicates an event whose occurrence is requested after the time of speaking, such as uktub, ifham, ukhruj, isma', unsur, takallam, istaghfir, and ishtarik.

وَأَمَّا الْحَرْفُ فَهُوَ فِي اللُّغَةِ الطَّرَفُ، وَفِي اصْطِلَاحِ النُّحَاةِ: كَلِمَةٌ دَلَّتْ عَلَى مَعْنًى فِي غَيْرِهَا، نَحْوَ «مِنْ»، فَإِنَّ هَذَا اللَّفْظَ كَلِمَةٌ دَلَّتْ عَلَى مَعْنًى - وَهُوَ الِابْتِدَاءُ - وَهَذَا الْمَعْنَى لَا يَتِمُّ حَتَّى تَضُمَّ إِلَى هَذِهِ الْكَلِمَةِ غَيْرَهَا، فَتَقُولُ: ذَهَبْتُ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ مَثَلًا.

As for the particle (harf), it means 'edge' in the language, and in the terminology of grammarians, it is a word that indicates a meaning in something else, such as 'min' (from); for this term is a word that indicates a meaning—which is starting point—and this meaning is not complete until you add something else to this word, so you say, for example, 'dhahabtu min al-bayti' (I went from the house).

أَمْثِلَةٌ لِلِاسْمِ كِتَابٌ، قَلَمٌ، دَوَاةٌ، كُرَّاسَةٌ، جَرِيدَةٌ، وَرَقَةٌ، سَبْعٌ، حِمَارٌ، ذِئْبٌ، فَهْدٌ، نَمِرٌ، لَيْمُونَةٌ، بُرْتُقَالَةٌ، كُمَّثْرَاةٌ، نَرْجِسَةٌ، وَرْدَةٌ.

Examples of the noun: book, pen, inkwell, notebook, newspaper, paper, lion, donkey, wolf, cheetah, tiger, lemon, orange, pear, narcissus, rose.

أَمْثِلَةٌ لِلْفِعْلِ: سَافَرَ يُسَافِرُ سَافِرْ، قَالَ يَقُولُ قُلْ، أَمِنَ يَأْمَنُ اِئْمَنْ، رَضِيَ يَرْضَى ارْضَ، صَدَقَ يَصْدُقُ اصْدُقْ، اجْتَهَدَ يَجْتَهِدُ اجْتَهِدْ، اسْتَغْفَرَ يَسْتَغْفِرُ اسْتَغْفِرْ.

Examples of the verb: safara, yusafiru, safir; qala, yaqulu, qul; amina, ya'manu, i'man; radiya, yarda, irda; sadaqa, yasduqu, usduq; ijtahada, yajtahidu, ijtahid; istaghfara, yastaghfiru, istaghfir.

Vocabulary · المفردات (24 verbs · 39 nouns)

• كَتَبَ — to write
• نَصَرَ — to help
• فَهِمَ — to understand
• عَلِمَ — to know
• جَلَسَ — to sit
• ضَرَبَ — to hit
• وَقَعَ — to occur
• خَرَجَ — to exit
• سَمِعَ — to hear
• أَبْصَرَ — to see
• تَكَلَّمَ — to speak
• اسْتَغْفَرَ — to seek forgiveness
• اشْتَرَكَ — to participate
• طَلَبَ — to request
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• تَمَّ — to be completed
• ضَمَّ — to join
• ذَهَبَ — to go
• سَافَرَ — to travel
• قَالَ — to say
• أَمِنَ — to feel safe
• رَضِيَ — to be satisfied
• صَدَقَ — to be truthful
• اجْتَهَدَ — to strive
• مُسْتَقْبَلٌ — future
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• كِتَابَةٌ — writing
• زَمَانٌ — time
• مَاضٍ — past
• حَاضِرٌ — present
• تَكَلُّمٌ — speaking
• لَفْظٌ — utterance
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• نَوْعٌ — type
• مُضَارِعٌ — present tense
• أَمْرٌ — imperative
• حَدَثٌ — event
• حَرْفٌ — particle
• لُغَةٌ — language
• طَرَفٌ — edge
• اصْطِلَاحٌ — terminology
• نَحْوِيٌّ — grammarian
• ابْتِدَاءٌ — beginning
• بَيْتٌ — house
• مَثَلٌ — example
• اسْمٌ — noun
• كِتَابٌ — book
• قَلَمٌ — pen
• دَوَاةٌ — inkwell
• كُرَّاسَةٌ — notebook
• جَرِيدَةٌ — newspaper
• وَرَقَةٌ — paper
• سَبْعٌ — predatory animal
• حِمَارٌ — donkey
• ذِئْبٌ — wolf
• فَهْدٌ — cheetah
• نَمِرٌ — tiger
• لَيْمُونَةٌ — lemon
• بُرْتُقَالَةٌ — orange
• كُمَّثْرَاةٌ — pear
• نَرْجِسَةٌ — daffodil
• وَرْدَةٌ — rose