Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 8

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

أَمْثِلَةٌ لِلْمُرَكَّبِ غَيْرِ الْمُفِيدِ : مَدِينَةُ الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ

Examples of the non-beneficial compound: The city of Alexandria.

عَبْدُ اللهِ

Abdullah.

حَضْرَمَوْتُ لَوْ أَنْصَفَ النَّاسُ

Hadramaut, if people were fair.

إِذَا جَاءَ الشِّتَاءُ

If winter comes.

مَهْمَا أَخْفَى الْمُرَائِي

Whatever the hypocrite hides.

إِنْ طَلَعَتِ الشَّمْسُ

If the sun rises.

أَسْئِلَةٌ عَلَى مَا تَقَدَّمَ

Questions on what has preceded.

مَا هُوَ الْكَلَامُ

What is speech?

مَا مَعْنَى كَوْنِهِ لَفْظًا

What is the meaning of it being an utterance?

مَا مَعْنَى كَوْنِهِ مُفِيدًا

What is the meaning of it being beneficial?

مَا مَعْنَى كَوْنِهِ مُرَكَّبًا

What is the meaning of it being compound?

مَا مَعْنَى كَوْنِهِ مَوْضُوعًا بِالْوَضْعِ الْعَرَبِيِّ

What is the meaning of it being established by Arabic convention?

مَثِّلْ بِخَمْسَةِ أَمْثِلَةٍ لِمَا يُسَمَّى عِنْدَ النُّحَاةِ كَلَامًا

Exemplify with five examples what is called speech by the grammarians.

أَنْوَاعُ الْكَلَامِ

Types of speech.

قَالَ : وَأَقْسَامُهُ ثَلَاثَةٌ : اسْمٌ، وَفِعْلٌ، وَحَرْفٌ جَاءَ لِمَعْنًى

He said: Its divisions are three: a noun, a verb, and a particle that came for a meaning.

وَأَقُولُ : الْأَلْفَاظُ الَّتِي كَانَ الْعَرَبُ يَسْتَعْمِلُونَهَا فِي كَلَامِهِمْ وَنُقِلَتْ إِلَيْنَا عَنْهُمْ، فَنَحْنُ نَتَكَلَّمُ بِهَا فِي مُحَاوَرَاتِنَا وَدُرُوسِنَا، وَنَقْرَؤُهَا فِي كُتُبِنَا، وَنَكْتُبُ بِهَا إِلَى أَهْلِينَا وَأَصْدِقَائِنَا، لَا يَخْلُو وَاحِدٌ مِنْهَا عَنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ وَاحِدًا مِنْ ثَلَاثَةِ أَشْيَاءَ : الِاسْمُ، وَالْفِعْلُ وَالْحَرْفُ

And I say: The utterances that the Arabs used in their speech and were transmitted to us from them, we speak with them in our dialogues and lessons, read them in our books, and write with them to our families and friends, not one of them is free from being one of three things: the noun, the verb, and the particle.

أَمَّا الِاسْمُ فِي اللُّغَةِ فَهُوَ : مَا دَلَّ عَلَى مُسَمًّى، وَفِي اصْطِلَاحِ النَّحْوِيِّينَ : كَلِمَةٌ دَلَّتْ عَلَى مَعْنًى فِي نَفْسِهَا، وَلَمْ تَقْتَرِنْ بِزَمَانٍ، نَحْوَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلِيٍّ، وَرَجُلٍ، وَجَمَلٍ وَنَهْرٍ، وَتُفَّاحَةٍ، وَلَيْمُونَةٍ، وَعَصًا، فَكُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأَلْفَاظِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مَعْنًى، وَلَيْسَ الزَّمَانُ دَاخِلًا فِي مَعْنَاهُ، فَيَكُونُ اسْمًا

As for the noun in the language, it is: what indicates a named object, and in the terminology of the grammarians: a word that indicated a meaning in itself, and was not connected to a time, such as Muhammad, Ali, a man, a camel, a river, an apple, a lemon, and a stick; so every one of these utterances indicates a meaning, and time is not included in its meaning, so it is a noun.

وَأَمَّا الْفِعْلُ، فَهُوَ فِي اللُّغَةِ : الْحَدَثُ، وَفِي اصْطِلَاحِ النَّحْوِيِّينَ : كَلِمَةٌ دَلَّتْ عَلَى مَعْنًى فِي نَفْسِهَا، وَاقْتَرَنَتْ بِأَحَدِ الْأَزْمِنَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ - الَّتِي هِيَ الْمَاضِي، وَالْحَالُ،

As for the verb, it is in the language: the event, and in the terminology of the grammarians: a word that indicated a meaning in itself, and was connected to one of the three times - which are the past, and the present,

Vocabulary · المفردات (16 verbs · 40 nouns)

• أَنْصَفَ — to be fair
• جَاءَ — to come
• أَخْفَى — to hide
• طَلَعَ — to rise
• تَقَدَّمَ — to precede
• مَثَّلَ — to exemplify
• سَمَّى — to name
• قَالَ — to say
• اِسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• نَقَلَ — to transfer
• تَكَلَّمَ — to speak
• قَرَأَ — to read
• كَتَبَ — to write
• خَلَا — to be free from
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• اِقْتَرَنَ — to be connected
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• مُرَكَّبٌ — compound
• مَدِينَةٌ — city
• عَبْدٌ — servant
• نَاسٌ — people
• شِتَاءٌ — winter
• مُرَائِي — hypocrite
• شَمْسٌ — sun
• سُؤَالٌ — question
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• لَفْظٌ — utterance
• وَضْعٌ — setting
• عَرَبِيٌّ — Arabic
• نَحْوِيٌّ — grammarian
• قِسْمٌ — division
• اِسْمٌ — noun
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• حَرْفٌ — particle
• مُحَاوَرَةٌ — dialogue
• دَرْسٌ — lesson
• كِتَابٌ — book
• أَهْلٌ — family
• صَدِيقٌ — friend
• وَاحِدٌ — one
• شَيْءٌ — thing
• لُغَةٌ — language
• مُسَمًّى — named object
• اِصْطِلَاحٌ — terminology
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• زَمَانٌ — time
• رَجُلٌ — man
• جَمَلٌ — camel
• نَهْرٌ — river
• تُفَّاحَةٌ — apple
• لَيْمُونَةٌ — lemon
• عَصًا — stick
• حَدَثٌ — event
• مَاضِي — past
• حَالٌ — present