Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 7

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

كَلِمَتَيْنِ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ، فَالْكَلِمَةُ الْوَاحِدَةُ لَا تُسَمَّى كَلَاماً عِنْدَ النُّحَاةِ إِلَّا إِذَا انْضَمَّ غَيْرُهَا إِلَيْهَا سَوَاءٌ أَكَانَ انْضِمَامُ غَيْرِهَا إِلَيْهَا حَقِيقَةً كَالْأَمْثِلَةِ السَّابِقَةِ، أَمْ تَقْدِيراً، كَمَا إِذَا قَالَ لَكَ قَائِلٌ: مَنْ أَخُوكَ؟

Two words or more, for a single word is not called speech (kalam) by the grammarians unless something else is joined to it, whether the joining of that other thing to it is actual, as in the previous examples, or implied, as when someone says to you: Who is your brother?

فَتَقُولُ: مُحَمَّدٌ، فَهَذِهِ الْكَلِمَةُ تُعْتَبَرُ كَلَاماً، لِأَنَّ التَّقْدِيرَ: مُحَمَّدٌ أَخِي: فَهِيَ فِي التَّقْدِيرِ عِبَارَةٌ مُؤَلَّفَةٌ مِنْ ثَلَاثِ كَلِمَاتٍ.

So you say: Muhammad, and this word is considered speech, because the implied meaning is: Muhammad is my brother; thus, it is in essence a phrase composed of three words.

وَمَعْنَى كَوْنِهِ مُفِيداً أَنْ يَحْسُنَ سُكُوتُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ عَلَيْهِ، بِحَيْثُ لَا يَبْقَى السَّامِعُ مُنْتَظِراً لِشَيْءٍ آخَرَ، فَلَوْ قُلْتَ: «إِذَا حَضَرَ الْأُسْتَاذُ» لَا يُسَمَّى ذَلِكَ كَلَاماً، وَلَوْ أَنَّهُ لَفْظٌ مُرَكَّبٌ مِنْ ثَلَاثِ كَلِمَاتٍ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُخَاطَبَ يَنْتَظِرُ مَا تَقُولُهُ بَعْدَ هَذَا مِمَّا يَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَى الْأُسْتَاذِ.

The meaning of it being 'beneficial' (mufid) is that it is appropriate for the speaker to stop after it, such that the listener is not left waiting for something else; so if you were to say: 'If the professor arrives,' that is not called speech, even though it is an utterance composed of three words, because the addressee is waiting for what you will say after this regarding what follows from the professor's arrival.

فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: «إِذَا حَضَرَ الْأُسْتَاذُ أَنْصَتَ التَّلَامِيذُ» صَارَ كَلَاماً لِحُصُولِ الْفَائِدَةِ.

But if you say: 'If the professor arrives, the students will listen,' it becomes speech because the benefit is achieved.

وَمَعْنَى كَوْنِهِ مَوْضُوعاً بِالْوَضْعِ الْعَرَبِيِّ: أَنْ تَكُونَ الْأَلْفَاظُ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَةُ فِي الْكَلَامِ مِنَ الْأَلْفَاظِ الَّتِي وَضَعَتْهَا الْعَرَبُ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى مَعْنًى مِنَ الْمَعَانِي:

The meaning of it being 'formulated according to Arabic convention' is that the words used in the speech must be from the words that the Arabs established to indicate one of the meanings:

مَثَلاً «حَضَرَ» كَلِمَةٌ وَضَعَهَا الْعَرَبُ لِمَعْنًى، وَهُوَ حُصُولُ الْحُضُورِ فِي الزَّمَانِ الْمَاضِي، وَكَلِمَةُ «مُحَمَّدٌ» قَدْ وَضَعَهَا الْعَرَبُ لِمَعْنًى، وَهُوَ ذَاتُ الشَّخْصِ الْمُسَمَّى بِهَذَا الِاسْمِ، فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: «حَضَرَ مُحَمَّدٌ» تَكُونُ قَدِ اسْتَعْمَلْتَ كَلِمَتَيْنِ كُلٌّ مِنْهُمَا مِمَّا وَضَعَهُ الْعَرَبُ، بِخِلَافِ مَا إِذَا تَكَلَّمْتَ بِكَلَامٍ مِمَّا وَضَعَهُ الْعَجَمُ كَالْفُرْسِ، وَالتُّرْكِ وَالْبَرْبَرِ، وَالْفِرِنْجِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُسَمَّى فِي عُرْفِ عُلَمَاءِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ كَلَاماً، وَإِنْ سَمَّاهُ أَهْلُ اللُّغَةِ الْأُخْرَى كَلَاماً.

For example, 'hadara' (arrived) is a word the Arabs established for a meaning, which is the occurrence of arrival in the past tense, and the word 'Muhammad' was established by the Arabs for a meaning, which is the entity of the person named by this name; so if you say: 'Muhammad arrived,' you have used two words, each of which is from what the Arabs established, unlike if you spoke with speech from what the non-Arabs established, such as the Persians, the Turks, the Berbers, and the Franks, for it is not called speech in the convention of the scholars of Arabic, even if the people of other languages call it speech.

أَمْثِلَةٌ لِلْكَلَامِ الْمُسْتَوْفِي الشُّرُوطِ: الْجَوُّ صَحْوٌ، الْبُسْتَانُ مُثْمِرٌ، الْهِلَالُ سَاطِعٌ، السَّمَاءُ صَافِيَةٌ.

Examples of speech that fulfills the conditions: The weather is clear, the orchard is fruitful, the crescent moon is bright, the sky is serene.

يُضِيءُ الْقَمَرُ لَيْلاً.

The moon shines at night.

يَنْجَحُ الْمُجْتَهِدُ.

The diligent person succeeds.

لَا يُفْلِحُ الْكَسُولُ.

The lazy person does not prosper.

لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ.

There is no god but Allah.

مُحَمَّدٌ صَفْوَةُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ.

Muhammad is the elite of the messengers.

اللَّهُ رَبُّنَا.

Allah is our Lord.

مُحَمَّدٌ نَبِيُّنَا.

Muhammad is our Prophet.

أَمْثِلَةٌ لِلَّفْظِ الْمُفْرَدِ: مُحَمَّدٌ، عَلِيٌّ، إِبْرَاهِيمُ، قَامَ، مِنْ.

Examples of a single word: Muhammad, Ali, Ibrahim, stood, from.

Vocabulary · المفردات (19 verbs · 53 nouns)

• انْضَمَّ — to join
• قَالَ — to say
• اعْتَبَرَ — to consider
• حَسُنَ — to be good
• بَقِيَ — to remain
• انْتَظَرَ — to wait
• حَضَرَ — to attend
• سَمَّى — to name
• رَكَّبَ — to compose
• تَرَتَّبَ — to follow
• أَنْصَتَ — to listen
• صَارَ — to become
• وَضَعَ — to coin/establish
• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• تَكَلَّمَ — to speak
• أَضَاءَ — to illuminate
• نَجَحَ — to succeed
• أَفْلَحَ — to prosper
• قَامَ — to stand
• كَلِمَة — word
• نَحْوِيّ — grammarian
• حَقِيقَة — reality
• أَمْثِلَة — examples
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• قَائِل — speaker
• أَخ — brother
• عِبَارَة — phrase
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• سُكُوت — silence
• مُتَكَلِّم — speaker
• سَامِع — listener
• شَيْء — thing
• أُسْتَاذ — professor
• لَفْظ — utterance
• مُخَاطَب — addressee
• تِلْمِيذ — student
• فَائِدَة — benefit
• وَضْع — setting
• عَرَبِيّ — Arabic
• عَرَب — Arabs
• دَلَالَة — indication
• زَمَان — time
• مَاضِي — past
• ذَات — essence
• شَخْص — person
• اسْم — name
• عَجَم — non-Arabs
• فَارِسِيٌّ — Persians
• تُرْك — Turks
• بَرْبَر — Berbers
• فِرِنْج — Franks
• عُرْف — custom
• عَالِم — scholar
• لُغَة — language
• شَرْط — condition
• جَوّ — weather
• صَحْو — clear
• بُسْتَان — garden
• مُثْمِر — fruitful
• هِلَال — crescent
• سَاطِع — bright
• سَمَاء — sky
• صَافِيَة — clear
• قَمَر — moon
• لَيْل — night
• مُجْتَهِد — diligent
• كَسُول — lazy
• إِلَه — god
• صَفْوَة — elite
• مُرْسَل — messenger
• رَبّ — lord
• نَبِيّ — prophet