Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 18

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

مُضَارِعٌ مَرْفُوعٌ؛ لِتَجَرُّدِهِ مِنْ عَامِلٍ يَقْتَضِي نَصْبَهُ أَوْ عَامِلٍ يَقْتَضِي جَزْمَهُ،

A present tense verb is in the nominative case when it is not preceded by any particle that requires it to be in the accusative or jussive case.

فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: «لَنْ يُسَافِرَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ» تَغَيَّرَ حَالُ يُسَافِرُ مِنَ الرَّفْعِ إِلَى النَّصْبِ، لِتَغَيُّرِ الْعَامِلِ بِعَامِلٍ آخَرَ يَقْتَضِي نَصْبَهُ، وَهُوَ «لَنْ»،

If you say, "Ibrahim will not travel," the verb changes from the nominative to the accusative because the governing particle has shifted to "lan," which requires the accusative.

فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: «لَمْ يُسَافِرْ إِبْرَاهِيمُ» تَغَيَّرَ حَالُ «يُسَافِرُ» مِنَ الرَّفْعِ أَوِ النَّصْبِ إِلَى الْجَزْمِ، لِتَغَيُّرِ الْعَامِلِ بِعَامِلٍ آخَرَ يَقْتَضِي جَزْمَهُ، وَهُوَ «لَمْ».

If you say, "Ibrahim did not travel," the verb shifts to the jussive case because the governing particle has changed to "lam," which requires the jussive.

وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ هَذَا التَّغَيُّرَ يَنْقَسِمُ إِلَى قِسْمَيْنِ: لَفْظِيٍّ، وَتَقْدِيرِيٍّ.

Understand that this change falls into two categories: explicit and implicit.

فَأَمَّا اللَّفْظِيُّ فَهُوَ: مَا لَا يَمْنَعُ مِنَ النُّطْقِ بِهِ مَانِعٌ كَمَا رَأَيْتَ فِي حَرَكَاتِ الدَّالِ مِنْ «مُحَمَّدٍ» وَحَرَكَاتِ الرَّاءِ مِنْ «يُسَافِرُ».

An explicit change is one that can be pronounced without hindrance, as you see in the vowel endings of the 'dal' in 'Muhammad' or the 'ra' in 'yusafiru'.

وَأَمَّا التَّقْدِيرِيُّ: فَهُوَ مَا يَمْنَعُ مِنَ التَّلَفُّظِ بِهِ مَانِعٌ مِنْ تَعَذُّرٍ، أَوْ اِسْتِثْقَالٍ، أَوْ مُنَاسَبَةٍ؛

An implicit change is one where pronunciation is blocked by impossibility, phonetic heaviness, or the need to accommodate a specific vowel.

تَقُولُ: «يَدْعُو الْفَتَى وَالْقَاضِي وَغُلَامِي» فَيَدْعُو: مَرْفُوعٌ لِتَجَرُّدِهِ مِنَ النَّاصِبِ وَالْجَازِمِ

Consider the phrase, "The youth, the judge, and my servant pray." The verb 'pray' is in the nominative case because it lacks any particle requiring the accusative or jussive.

وَالْفَتَى مَرْفُوعٌ لِكَوْنِهِ فَاعِلًا وَالْقَاضِي وَغُلَامِي: مَرْفُوعَانِ لِأَنَّهُمَا مَعْطُوفَانِ عَلَى الْفَاعِلِ الْمَرْفُوعِ،

'The youth' is nominative as the subject, while 'the judge' and 'my servant' are also nominative because they are conjoined to that subject.

وَلَكِنَّ الضَّمَّةَ لَا تَظْهَرُ فِي أَوَاخِرِ هَذِهِ الْكَلِمَاتِ، لِتَعَذُّرِهَا فِي «الْفَتَى» وَثِقَلِهَا فِي «يَدْعُو» وَفِي «الْقَاضِي» وَلِأَجْلِ مُنَاسَبَةِ يَاءِ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ فِي «غُلَامِي»؛

However, the damma does not appear at the end of these words: it is impossible for 'the youth,' heavy to pronounce for 'pray' and 'the judge,' and displaced by the possessive 'ya' in 'my servant'.

فَتَكُونُ الضَّمَّةُ مُقَدَّرَةً عَلَى آخِرِ الْكَلِمَةِ مَنَعَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا التَّعَذُّرُ، أَوِ الثِّقَلُ، أَوِ اشْتِغَالُ الْمَحَلِّ بِحَرَكَةِ الْمُنَاسَبَةِ.

The damma is therefore considered implicit, prevented from appearing by impossibility, phonetic weight, or the word's ending being occupied by the vowel required by the possessive suffix.

فَمَا كَانَ آخِرُهُ أَلِفًا لَازِمَةً تُقَدَّرُ عَلَيْهِ جَمِيعُ الْحَرَكَاتِ لِلتَّعَذُّرِ، وَيُسَمَّى الِاسْمُ الْمُنْتَهِي بِالْأَلِفِ مَقْصُورًا،

Any word ending in a permanent alif has all its vowels implicit due to the impossibility of pronunciation; such a noun is called maqsur.

وَمَا كَانَ آخِرُهُ يَاءً لَازِمَةً تُقَدَّرُ عَلَيْهِ الضَّمَّةُ وَالْكَسْرَةُ لِلثِّقَلِ، وَيُسَمَّى الِاسْمُ الْمُنْتَهِي بِالْيَاءِ مَنْقُوصًا،

Any word ending in a permanent ya has the damma and kasra implicit due to phonetic weight; such a noun is called manqus.

وَتَظْهَرُ عَلَيْهِ الْفَتْحَةُ لِخِفَّتِهَا نَحْوَ الْقَاضِي، وَالدَّاعِي، وَالْغَازِي، وَالسَّاعِي، وَالْآتِي، وَالرَّامِي.

The fatha remains explicit because it is light to pronounce, as in words like the judge, the caller, the raider, the striver, the comer, and the thrower.

وَمَا كَانَ مُضَافًا إِلَى يَاءِ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ تُقَدَّرُ عَلَيْهِ الْحَرَكَاتُ كُلُّهَا لِلْمُنَاسَبَةِ،

Any noun attached to the first-person possessive suffix has all its vowels implicit to accommodate the required vowel.

Vocabulary · المفردات (15 verbs · 47 nouns)

• اِقْتَضَى — to require
• قَالَ — to say
• سَافَرَ — to travel
• تَغَيَّرَ — to change
• عَلِمَ — to know
• اِنْقَسَمَ — to be divided
• مَنَعَ — to prevent
• رَأَى — to see
• دَعَا — to call
• ظَهَرَ — to appear
• رَضِيَ — to be satisfied
• مَرَّ — to pass
• قَدَّرَ — to estimate
• سَمَّى — to name
• اِنْتَهَى — to end
• مُضَارِعٌ — present tense
• عَامِلٌ — factor
• نَصْبٌ — accusative
• جَزْمٌ — jussive case
• حَالٌ — state
• رَفْعٌ — nominative case
• قِسْمٌ — part
• نُطْقٌ — pronunciation
• مَانِعٌ — preventer
• حَرَكَةٌ — vowel
• دَالٌ — dal (letter)
• رَاءٌ — letter ra'
• تَلَفُّظٌ — utterance
• تَعَذُّرٌ — impossibility
• اِسْتِثْقَالٌ — heaviness
• مُنَاسَبَةٌ — suitability
• فَتًى — youth
• قَاضٍ — judge
• غُلَامٌ — boy
• نَاصِبٌ — nasb-causing factor
• جَازِمٌ — jazm-causing factor
• فَاعِلٌ — doer
• مَعْطُوفٌ — conjoined
• ضَمَّةٌ — damma
• آخِرٌ — end
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• ثِقَلٌ — heaviness
• يَاءٌ — ya (letter)
• مُتَكَلِّمٌ — speaker
• اِشْتِغَالٌ — occupation
• مَحَلٌّ — place
• فَائِزٌ — winner
• أَلِفٌ — alif
• اِسْمٌ — noun
• مَقْصُورٌ — maqsur (noun ending in alif)
• مِثْلٌ — example
• عَصًا — stick
• حِجًا — intellect
• رَحًى — millstone
• رِضًا — satisfaction
• مَنْقُوصٌ — manqus (noun ending in ya)
• فَتْحَةٌ — fatha
• خِفَّةٌ — lightness
• دَاعٍ — caller
• غَازٍ — raider
• سَاعٍ — striver
• آتٍ — comer