Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 17

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَأَقُولُ: الْإِعْرَابُ لَهُ مَعْنَيَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا لُغَوِيٌّ، وَالْآخَرُ اصْطِلَاحِيٌّ.

I say: Inflection has two meanings: one is linguistic, and the other is conventional.

أَمَّا مَعْنَاهُ فِي اللُّغَةِ فَهُوَ: الْإِظْهَارُ وَالْإِبَانَةُ، تَقُولُ: أَعْرَبْتُ عَمَّا فِي نَفْسِي، إِذَا أَبَنْتُهُ وَأَظْهَرْتَهُ.

As for its meaning in language, it is: showing and clarifying; you say: 'I expressed what was in my soul,' if you clarified it and showed it.

وَأَمَّا مَعْنَاهُ فِي الِاصْطِلَاحِ فَهُوَ مَا ذَكَرَهُ الْمُؤَلِّفُ بِقَوْلِهِ: «تَغْيِيرُ أَوَاخِرِ الْكَلِمِ» - إِلَخْ.

As for its meaning in convention, it is what the author mentioned by his saying: 'The changing of the ends of words' - etc.

وَالْمَقْصُودُ مِنْ «تَغْيِيرِ أَوَاخِرِ الْكَلِمِ» تَغْيِيرُ أَحْوَالِ أَوَاخِرِ الْكَلِمِ، وَلَا يُعْقَلُ أَنْ يُرَادَ تَغْيِيرُ نَفْسِ الْأَوَاخِرِ، فَإِنَّ آخِرَ الْكَلِمَةِ نَفْسَهُ لَا يَتَغَيَّرُ،

The intended meaning of 'changing the ends of words' is changing the states of the ends of words, and it is not reasonable that the changing of the ends themselves is intended, for the end of the word itself does not change.

وَتَغْيِيرُ أَحْوَالِ أَوَاخِرِ الْكَلِمَةِ عِبَارَةٌ عَنْ تَحَوُّلِهَا مِنَ الرَّفْعِ إِلَى النَّصْبِ أَوِ الْجَرِّ: حَقِيقَةً، أَوْ حُكْمًا،

Changing the states of the ends of the word is an expression for their transformation from the nominative to the accusative or genitive: in reality or by ruling.

وَيَكُونُ هَذَا التَّحَوُّلُ بِسَبَبِ تَغْيِيرِ الْعَوَامِلِ: مِنْ عَامِلٍ يَقْتَضِي الرَّفْعَ عَلَى الْفَاعِلِيَّةِ أَوْ نَحْوِهَا، إِلَى آخَرَ يَقْتَضِي النَّصْبَ عَلَى الْمَفْعُولِيَّةِ أَوْ نَحْوِهَا، وَهَلُمَّ جَرًّا.

This transformation occurs due to the changing of factors: from a factor requiring the nominative case for agency or similar, to another requiring the accusative case for objectivity or similar, and so on.

مَثَلًا إِذَا قُلْتَ: حَضَرَ مُحَمَّدٌ فَمُحَمَّدٌ: مَرْفُوعٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مَعْمُولٌ لِعَامِلٍ يَقْتَضِي الرَّفْعَ عَلَى الْفَاعِلِيَّةِ، وَهَذَا الْعَامِلُ هُوَ «حَضَرَ»،

For example, if you say: 'Muhammad attended,' then Muhammad is: nominative; because he is acted upon by a factor requiring the nominative for agency, and this factor is 'attended'.

فَإِنْ قُلْتَ رَأَيْتُ مُحَمَّدًا تَغَيَّرَ حَالُ آخِرِ «مُحَمَّدٍ» إِلَى النَّصْبِ؛ لِتَغَيُّرِ الْعَامِلِ بِعَامِلٍ آخَرَ يَقْتَضِي النَّصْبَ وَهُوَ «رَأَيْتُ»،

If you say: 'I saw Muhammad,' the state of the end of 'Muhammad' changed to the accusative; due to the change of the factor to another factor requiring the accusative, which is 'I saw'.

فَإِذَا قُلْتَ حَظِيتُ بِمُحَمَّدٍ تَغَيَّرَ حَالُ آخِرِهِ إِلَى الْجَرِّ؛ لِتَغَيُّرِ الْعَامِلِ بِعَامِلٍ آخَرَ يَقْتَضِي الْجَرَّ وَهُوَ الْبَاءُ.

If you say: 'I obtained Muhammad,' the state of his end changed to the genitive; due to the change of the factor to another factor requiring the genitive, which is the letter 'ba'.

وَإِذَا تَأَمَّلْتَ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَمْثِلَةِ ظَهَرَ لَكَ أَنَّ آخِرَ الْكَلِمَةِ - وَهُوَ الدَّالُّ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ - لَمْ يَتَغَيَّرْ، وَأَنَّ الَّذِي تَغَيَّرَ هُوَ أَحْوَالُ آخِرِهَا

If you contemplate these examples, it becomes clear to you that the end of the word - which is the 'dal' in Muhammad - did not change, and that what changed are the states of its end.

فَإِنَّكَ تَرَاهُ مَرْفُوعًا فِي الْمِثَالِ الْأَوَّلِ، وَمَنْصُوبًا فِي الْمِثَالِ الثَّانِي، وَمَجْرُورًا فِي الْمِثَالِ الثَّالِثِ.

For you see it in the nominative in the first example, in the accusative in the second example, and in the genitive in the third example.

وَهَذَا التَّغْيِيرُ مِنْ حَالَةِ الرَّفْعِ إِلَى حَالَةِ النَّصْبِ إِلَى حَالَةِ الْجَرِّ هُوَ الْإِعْرَابُ عِنْدَ الْمُؤَلِّفِ وَمَنْ ذَهَبَ مَذْهَبَهُ،

This change from the state of the nominative to the state of the accusative to the state of the genitive is the inflection according to the author and those who follow his path.

وَهَذِهِ الْحَرَكَاتُ الثَّلَاثُ - الَّتِي هِيَ الرَّفْعُ وَالنَّصْبُ وَالْجَرُّ - هِيَ عَلَامَةٌ وَأَمَارَةٌ عَلَى الْإِعْرَابِ.

These three movements - which are the nominative, accusative, and genitive - are a sign and indication of inflection.

وَمِثْلُ الِاسْمِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ، فَلَوْ قُلْتَ: «يُسَافِرُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ» فَيُسَافِرُ: فِعْلٌ.

Similar to the noun in that is the present tense verb, so if you say: 'Ibrahim travels,' then 'travels' is: a verb.

Vocabulary · المفردات (17 verbs · 34 nouns)

• قَالَ — to say
• أَعْرَبَ — to express
• أَبَانَ — to clarify
• أَظْهَرَ — to show
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• عَقَلَ — to understand
• أَرَادَ — to want
• تَغَيَّرَ — to change
• تَحَوَّلَ — to transform
• اِقْتَضَى — to require
• حَضَرَ — to attend
• رَأَى — to see
• حَظِيَ — to obtain
• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• ظَهَرَ — to appear
• ذَهَبَ — to adopt (a view)
• سَافَرَ — to travel
• إِعْرَابٌ — grammatical inflection
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• لُغَوِيٌّ — linguistic
• اصْطِلَاحِيٌّ — conventional
• لُغَةٌ — language
• إِظْهَارٌ — showing
• إِبَانَةٌ — clarification
• نَفْسٌ — self
• مُؤَلِّفٌ — author
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• تَغْيِيرٌ — change
• آخِرٌ — end
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• مَقْصُودٌ — intended
• حَالٌ — state
• عِبَارَةٌ — expression
• تَحَوُّلٌ — transformation
• رَفْعٌ — nominative case
• نَصْبٌ — accusative
• جَرٌّ — genitive case
• حَقِيقَةٌ — reality
• حُكْمٌ — ruling
• سَبَبٌ — reason
• عَامِلٌ — factor
• فَاعِلِيَّةٌ — agency
• مَفْعُولِيَّةٌ — objectivity
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• دَالٌّ — the letter dal
• حَرَكَةٌ — movement
• عَلَامَةٌ — sign
• أَمَارَةٌ — indication
• اسْمٌ — noun
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• مُضَارِعٌ — present tense