Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 14

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الدَّلَالَةُ عَلَى أَنَّ الِاسْمَ الَّذِي أُسْنِدَ هَذَا الْفِعْلُ إِلَيْهِ مُؤَنَّثٌ؛

It indicates that the noun to which the verb is attributed is feminine.

سَوَاءٌ أَكَانَ فَاعِلًا، نَحْوَ «قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ»

This applies whether it is the subject, as in 'Aisha, Mother of the Believers, said'.

أَمْ كَانَ نَائِبَ فَاعِلٍ، نَحْوَ «فُرِشَتْ دَارُنَا بِالْبُسُطِ».

Or if it is a passive subject, as in 'Our house was furnished with rugs'.

وَالْمُرَادُ أَنَّهَا سَاكِنَةٌ فِي أَصْلِ وَضْعِهَا؛

The intention is that the letter is inherently quiescent.

فَلَا يَضُرُّ تَحْرِيكُهَا لِعَارِضِ التَّخَلُّصِ مِنَ الْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ

It does not invalidate its nature if it is vocalized to avoid two consecutive quiescent letters.

﴿وَقَالَتِ اخْرُجْ عَلَيْهِنَّ﴾،

'She said, "Come out to them."'

﴿وَقَالَتِ امْرَأَتُ فِرْعَوْنَ﴾،

'The wife of Pharaoh said.'

قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ.

They both said, 'We have come willingly.'

وَمِمَّا تَقَدَّمَ يَتَبَيَّنُ لَكَ أَنَّ عَلَامَاتِ الْفِعْلِ الَّتِي ذَكَرَهَا الْمُؤَلِّفُ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ:

From the preceding, it is clear that the signs of the verb mentioned by the author fall into three categories.

قِسْمٌ يَخْتَصُّ بِالدُّخُولِ عَلَى الْمَاضِي، وَهُوَ تَاءُ التَّأْنِيثِ السَّاكِنَةُ،

One category is specific to the past tense, which is the quiescent feminine 'ta'.

وَقِسْمٌ يَخْتَصُّ بِالدُّخُولِ عَلَى الْمُضَارِعِ، وَهُوَ السِّينُ وَسَوْفَ،

Another is specific to the present tense, namely 'seen' and 'sawfa'.

وَقِسْمٌ يَشْتَرِكُ بَيْنَهُمَا، وَهُوَ قَدْ.

The third is shared by both, which is 'qad'.

وَقَدْ تَرَكَ عَلَامَةَ فِعْلِ الْأَمْرِ،

The author omitted the sign of the imperative verb.

وَهِيَ دَلَالَتُهُ عَلَى الطَّلَبِ مَعَ قَبُولِهِ يَاءَ الْمُخَاطَبَةِ أَوْ نُونَ التَّوْكِيدِ،

This sign is its indication of a request, combined with its acceptance of the feminine address 'ya' or the emphatic 'noon'.

نَحْوَ «قُمْ» وَ«اقْعُدْ» وَ«اكْتُبْ» وَ«انْظُرْ»

Examples include 'stand', 'sit', 'write', and 'look'.

فَإِنَّ هَذِهِ الْكَلِمَاتِ الْأَرْبَعَ دَالَّةٌ عَلَى طَلَبِ حُصُولِ الْقِيَامِ وَالْقُعُودِ وَالْكِتَابَةِ وَالنَّظَرِ،

These four words express a request for the actions of standing, sitting, writing, and looking.

مَعَ قَبُولِهَا يَاءَ الْمُخَاطَبَةِ فِي نَحْوِ «قُومِي» وَ«اقْعُدِي»

They also accept the feminine address 'ya', as in 'stand' and 'sit'.

أَوْ مَعَ قَبُولِهَا نُونَ التَّوْكِيدِ فِي نَحْوِ «اكْتُبَنَّ» وَ«انْظُرَنَّ» إِلَى مَا يَنْفَعُكَ.

Or they accept the emphatic 'noon', as in 'write' and 'look at what benefits you'.

أَسْئِلَةٌ: مَا هِيَ عَلَامَاتُ الْفِعْلِ؟

Questions: What are the signs of the verb?

إِلَى كَمْ قِسْمٍ تَنْقَسِمُ عَلَامَاتُ الْفِعْلِ؟

Into how many categories are the verb signs divided?

مَا هِيَ الْعَلَامَةُ الَّتِي تَخْتَصُّ بِالْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي؟

Which sign is specific to the past tense?

كَمْ عَلَامَةً تَخْتَصُّ بِالْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ؟

How many signs are specific to the present tense?

مَا هِيَ الْعَلَامَةُ الَّتِي تَشْتَرِكُ بَيْنَ الْمَاضِي وَالْمُضَارِعِ؟

Which sign is shared by both the past and present?

مَا هِيَ الْمَعَانِي الَّتِي تَدُلُّ عَلَيْهَا «قَدْ»؟

What meanings does 'qad' convey?

عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ تَدُلُّ تَاءُ التَّأْنِيثِ السَّاكِنَةُ؟

What does the quiescent feminine 'ta' indicate?

مَا هُوَ الْمَعْنَى الَّذِي تَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ السِّينُ وَسَوْفَ؟

What meaning do 'seen' and 'sawfa' indicate?

وَمَا الْفَرْقُ بَيْنَهُمَا؟

What is the difference between them?

هَلْ تَعْرِفُ عَلَامَةً تُمَيِّزُ فِعْلَ الْأَمْرِ؟

Can you identify a sign that distinguishes the imperative verb?

مَثِّلْ بِمِثَالَيْنِ لِـ «قَدْ» الدَّالَّةِ عَلَى التَّحْقِيقِ،

Provide two examples where 'qad' indicates certainty.

مَثِّلْ بِمِثَالَيْنِ تَكُونُ فِيهِمَا «قَدْ» دَالَّةً عَلَى التَّقْرِيبِ،

Provide two examples where 'qad' indicates proximity.

مَثِّلْ بِمِثَالَيْنِ تَكُونُ «قَدْ» فِي أَحَدِهِمَا دَالَّةً عَلَى التَّقْرِيبِ وَتَكُونُ فِي الْآخَرِ دَالَّةً عَلَى التَّحْقِيقِ،

Provide two examples, one where 'qad' indicates proximity and another where it indicates certainty.

مَثِّلْ بِمِثَالَيْنِ تَكُونُ «قَدْ» فِي أَحَدِهِمَا دَالَّةً عَلَى التَّقْلِيلِ وَتَكُونُ فِي الْآخَرِ دَالَّةً عَلَى التَّكْثِيرِ،

Provide two examples, one where 'qad' indicates minimization and another where it indicates frequency.

مَثِّلْ بِمِثَالٍ وَاحِدٍ تَحْتَمِلُ فِيهِ «قَدْ» أَنْ تَكُونَ دَالَّةً عَلَى التَّقْلِيلِ وَالتَّكْثِيرِ،

Provide one example where 'qad' could imply either minimization or frequency.

مَثِّلْ لِـ «قَدْ» بِمِثَالٍ وَاحِدٍ.

Provide a single example of 'qad'.

Vocabulary · المفردات (23 verbs · 57 nouns)

• أَسْنَدَ — to attribute
• قَالَ — to say
• فَرَشَ — to furnish
• ضَرَّ — to harm
• خَرَجَ — to exit
• أَتَى — to come
• تَقَدَّمَ — to precede
• تَبَيَّنَ — to become clear
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• اخْتَصَّ — to be specific to
• اشْتَرَكَ — to share
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• قَامَ — to stand
• قَعَدَ — to sit
• كَتَبَ — to write
• نَظَرَ — to look
• نَفَعَ — to benefit
• انْقَسَمَ — to be divided
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• عَرَفَ — to know
• مَيَّزَ — to distinguish
• مَثَّلَ — to exemplify
• احْتَمَلَ — to bear/contain
• دَلَالَة — indication
• اسْم — noun
• فِعْل — verb
• مُؤَنَّث — feminine
• فَاعِل — (male) doer
• أُمّ — mother
• مُؤْمِن — believer
• نَائِب — deputy
• دَار — house
• بِسَاط — rug
• مُرَاد — intended meaning
• سَاكِن — quiescent
• أَصْل — origin
• وَضْع — placement
• تَحْرِيك — vocalization
• عَارِض — accidental
• تَخَلُّص — getting rid of
• الْتِقَاء — meeting
• قَوْل — saying
• امْرَأَة — woman
• طَائِع — obedient
• عَلَامَة — sign
• مُؤَلِّف — author
• ثَلَاثَة — three
• قِسْم — part
• دُخُول — entry
• مَاضِي — past
• تَاء — ta letter
• تَأْنِيث — feminization
• مُضَارِع — present
• سِين — seen letter
• سَوْف — future particle
• أَمْر — imperative
• طَلَب — request
• قَبُول — acceptance
• يَاء — ya letter
• مُخَاطَبَة — addressing
• نُون — noon letter
• تَوْكِيد — emphasis
• كَلِمَة — word
• أَرْبَع — four
• دَالّ — indicative
• حُصُول — occurrence
• قِيَام — standing
• قُعُود — sitting
• كِتَابَة — writing
• نَظَر — looking
• سُؤَال — question
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• شَيْء — thing
• فَرْق — difference
• مِثَال — an example
• تَحْقِيق — verification
• تَقْرِيب — approximation
• تَقْلِيل — minimization
• تَكْثِير — maximization
• وَاحِد — one