Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 13

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَاحِدَةً مِنْهَا، أَوْ رَأَيْتَ أَنَّهُ يَقْبَلُهَا عَرَفْتَ أَنَّهُ فِعْلٌ:

One of them, or you saw that it accepts it, you knew that it is a verb.

الْأُولَى: «قَدْ» وَالثَّانِيَةُ: «السِّينُ» وَالثَّالِثَةُ: «سَوْفَ» وَالرَّابِعَةُ: «تَاءُ التَّأْنِيثِ السَّاكِنَةُ».

The first is 'qad', the second is 'al-seen', the third is 'sawfa', and the fourth is 'the quiescent feminine ta'.

أَمَّا «قَدْ»: فَتَدْخُلُ عَلَى نَوْعَيْنِ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ، وَهُمَا: الْمَاضِي وَالْمُضَارِعُ.

As for 'qad', it enters upon two types of verbs: the past and the present.

فَإِذَا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي دَلَّتْ عَلَى أَحَدِ مَعْنَيَيْنِ - وَهُمَا التَّحْقِيقُ وَالتَّقْرِيبُ

If it enters upon the past verb, it indicates one of two meanings: verification and approximation.

فَمِثَالُ دَلَالَتِهَا عَلَى التَّحْقِيقِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: (قَدْ أَفْلَحَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ)

An example of its indication of verification is His saying, the Almighty: 'Certainly will the believers have succeeded.'

وَقَوْلُهُ جَلَّ شَأْنُهُ: (لَقَدْ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ)

And His saying, may His majesty be glorified: 'Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers.'

وَقَوْلُنَا: «قَدْ حَضَرَ مُحَمَّدٌ» وَقَوْلُنَا: «قَدْ سَافَرَ خَالِدٌ»

And our saying: 'Muhammad has arrived' and our saying: 'Khalid has traveled'.

وَمِثَالُ دَلَالَتِهَا عَلَى التَّقْرِيبِ قَوْلُ مُقِيمِ الصَّلَاةِ: «قَدْ قَامَتِ الصَّلَاةُ»

And an example of its indication of approximation is the saying of the one establishing the prayer: 'The prayer has begun'.

وَقَوْلُكَ: «قَدْ غَرَبَتِ الشَّمْسُ».

And your saying: 'The sun has set'.

وَإِذَا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ دَلَّتْ عَلَى أَحَدِ مَعْنَيَيْنِ أَيْضًا - وَهُمَا التَّقْلِيلُ وَالتَّكْثِيرُ

If it enters upon the present verb, it also indicates one of two meanings: minimization and maximization.

فَأَمَّا دَلَالَتُهَا عَلَى التَّقْلِيلِ، فَنَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ: «قَدْ يَصْدُقُ الْكَذُوبُ» وَقَوْلِكَ: «قَدْ يَجُودُ الْبَخِيلُ» وَقَوْلِكَ: «قَدْ يَنْجَحُ الْبَلِيدُ».

As for its indication of minimization, it is like your saying: 'The liar might tell the truth', 'The miser might be generous', and 'The dullard might succeed'.

وَأَمَّا دَلَالَتُهَا عَلَى التَّكْثِيرِ؛ فَنَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ: «قَدْ يَنَالُ الْمُجْتَهِدُ بُغْيَتَهُ» وَقَوْلِكَ: «قَدْ يَفْعَلُ التَّقِيُّ الْخَيْرَ»

As for its indication of maximization, it is like your saying: 'The diligent person often attains his goal' and 'The pious person often does good'.

وَقَوْلُ الشَّاعِرِ: قَدْ يُدْرِكُ الْمُتَأَنِّي بَعْضَ حَاجَتِهِ وَقَدْ يَكُونُ مَعَ الْمُسْتَعْجِلِ الزَّلَلُ.

And the saying of the poet: 'The deliberate person may attain some of his need, and the hasty person may have slips'.

وَأَمَّا السِّينُ وَسَوْفَ فَيَدْخُلَانِ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ وَحْدَهُ، وَهُمَا يَدُلَّانِ عَلَى التَّنْفِيسِ، وَمَعْنَاهُ الِاسْتِقْبَالُ،

As for 'al-seen' and 'sawfa', they enter upon the present verb only, and they indicate future-marking, and its meaning is the future.

إِلَّا أَنَّ «السِّينَ» أَقَلُّ اسْتِقْبَالًا مِنْ «سَوْفَ».

Except that 'al-seen' is less future-oriented than 'sawfa'.

فَأَمَّا السِّينُ فَنَحْوُ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: (سَيَقُولُ السُّفَهَاءُ مِنَ النَّاسِ)، (سَيَقُولُ لَكَ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ).

As for 'al-seen', it is like His saying, the Almighty: 'The foolish among the people will say', 'The laggards will say to you'.

وَأَمَّا «سَوْفَ» فَنَحْوُ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: (وَلَسَوْفَ يُعْطِيكَ رَبُّكَ فَتَرْضَى)، (سَوْفَ نُصْلِيهِمْ نَارًا)، (سَوْفَ يُؤْتِيهِمْ أُجُورَهُمْ).

As for 'sawfa', it is like His saying, the Almighty: 'And your Lord is going to give you, and you will be satisfied', 'We will drive them into a Fire', 'He will give them their rewards'.

وَأَمَّا تَاءُ التَّأْنِيثِ السَّاكِنَةُ: فَتَدْخُلُ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي دُونَ غَيْرِهِ؛

As for the quiescent feminine ta, it enters upon the past verb and nothing else.

إِذَا كُنْتَ قَدْ قُلْتَ ذَلِكَ قَبْلَ الْغُرُوبِ، أَمَّا إِذَا قُلْتَ ذَلِكَ بَعْدَ دُخُولِ اللَّيْلِ فَهُوَ مِنَ النَّوْعِ السَّابِقِ الَّذِي تَدُلُّ فِيهِ عَلَى التَّحْقِيقِ.

If you had said that before sunset, but if you said that after the entry of night, it is from the previous type in which it indicates verification.

Vocabulary · المفردات (21 verbs · 52 nouns)

• رَأَى — to see
• قَبِلَ — to accept
• عَرَفَ — to know
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• أَفْلَحَ — to succeed
• رَضِيَ — to be pleased
• حَضَرَ — to attend
• سَافَرَ — to travel
• قَامَ — to begin
• غَرَبَ — to set
• صَدَقَ — to be truthful
• جَادَ — to be generous
• نَجَحَ — to succeed
• نَالَ — to attain
• فَعَلَ — to do
• أَدْرَكَ — to realize
• كَانَ — to be
• أَعْطَى — to give
• أَصْلَى — to cast into
• آتَى — to give
• وَاحِدَة — one
• فِعْل — verb
• أُولَى — first
• سِين — seen
• سَوْف — sawfa
• رَابِعَة — fourth
• تَاء — ta
• تَأْنِيث — feminization
• سَاكِنَة — quiescent
• نَوْع — type
• مَاضِي — past
• مُضَارِع — present
• أَحَد — one
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• تَحْقِيق — verification
• تَقْرِيب — approximation
• مِثَال — an example
• دَلَالَة — indication
• قَوْل — saying
• مُؤْمِن — believer
• مُقِيم — establisher
• صَلَاة — prayer
• شَمْس — sun
• تَقْلِيل — minimization
• تَكْثِير — maximization
• كَذُوب — liar
• بَخِيل — miser
• بَلِيد — dullard
• مُجْتَهِد — diligent
• بُغْيَة — goal
• تَقِيّ — pious person
• خَيْر — good
• شَاعِر — poet
• مُتَأَنِّي — deliberate
• بَعْض — part
• حَاجَة — need
• مُسْتَعْجِل — hasty
• زَلَل — slip
• تَنْفِيس — future-marking
• اسْتِقْبَال — future
• أَقَلّ — less
• سَفِيه — fool
• نَاس — people
• مُخَلَّف — laggard
• رَبّ — lord
• نَار — fire
• أَجْر — reward
• غَرَض — purpose
• غُرُوب — sunset
• دُخُول — entry
• لَيْل — night
• سَابِق — previous