Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyya — Sharh al-Ajurrumiyya (التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية) — Page 11

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

بِتَكْرَارِ الشَّكْلَةِ عِنْدَ الضَّبْطِ بِالْقَلَمِ، نَحْوَ: مُحَمَّدٌ وَكِتَابٌ، وَإِيهِ، وَصَهْ، وَمُسْلِمَاتٍ، وَفَاطِمَاتٍ، وَحِينَئِذٍ، وَسَاعَتَئِذٍ، فَهَذِهِ الْكَلِمَاتُ كُلُّهَا أَسْمَاءٌ، بِدَلِيلِ وُجُودِ التَّنْوِينِ فِي آخِرِ كُلِّ كَلِمَةٍ مِنْهَا.

By repeating the diacritic marks when writing—such as in Muhammad, kitāb, īhi, sah, muslimāt, fātimāt, hīna'idhin, and sā'ata'idhin—we see that all these words are nouns, as evidenced by the nunation at the end of each.

الْعَلَامَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ مِنْ عَلَامَاتِ الِاسْمِ: دُخُولُ «أَلْ» فِي أَوَّلِ الْكَلِمَةِ، نَحْوَ الرَّجُلِ، وَالْغُلَامِ وَالْفَرَسِ وَالْكِتَابِ وَالْبَيْتِ وَالْمَدْرَسَةِ، فَهَذِهِ الْكَلِمَاتُ كُلُّهَا أَسْمَاءٌ، لِدُخُولِ الْأَلِفِ وَاللَّامِ فِي أَوَّلِهَا.

The third sign of a noun is the addition of the definite article 'al-' to the beginning of a word, as in the man, the boy, the horse, the book, the house, and the school. These are all nouns because they begin with the alif and lam.

الْعَلَامَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: دُخُولُ حَرْفٍ مِنْ حُرُوفِ الْخَفْضِ، نَحْوَ «ذَهَبْتُ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ إِلَى الْمَدْرَسَةِ» فَكُلٌّ مِنَ «الْبَيْتِ» وَ«الْمَدْرَسَةِ» اسْمٌ، لِدُخُولِ حَرْفِ الْخَفْضِ عَلَيْهِمَا، وَلِوُجُودِ «أَلْ» فِي أَوَّلِهِمَا.

The fourth sign is the presence of a genitive preposition, as in 'I went from the house to the school.' Both 'house' and 'school' are nouns because they are preceded by these prepositions and carry the definite article 'al-'.

وَحُرُوفُ الْخَفْضِ هِيَ: «مِنْ» وَلَهَا مَعَانٍ مِنْهَا الِابْتِدَاءُ، نَحْوَ «سَافَرْتُ مِنَ الْقَاهِرَةِ» وَ«إِلَى» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا الِانْتِهَاءُ، نَحْوَ «سَافَرْتُ إِلَى الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ» وَ«عَنْ» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا الْمُجَاوَزَةُ، نَحْوَ «رَمَيْتُ السَّهْمَ عَنِ الْقَوْسِ» وَ«عَلَى» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا الِاسْتِعْلَاءُ، نَحْوَ «صَعِدْتُ عَلَى الْجَبَلِ» وَ«فِي» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا الظَّرْفِيَّةُ، نَحْوَ «الْمَاءُ فِي الْكُوزِ» وَ«رُبَّ» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا التَّقْلِيلُ، نَحْوَ «رُبَّ رَجُلٍ كَرِيمٍ قَابَلَنِي» وَ«الْبَاءُ» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا التَّعْدِيَةُ، نَحْوَ «مَرَرْتُ الْوَادِيَ» وَ«الْكَافُ» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا التَّشْبِيهُ، نَحْوَ «لَيْلَى كَالْبَدْرِ» وَ«اللَّامُ» وَمِنْ مَعَانِيهَا الْمِلْكُ نَحْوَ «الْمَالُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ»، وَالِاخْتِصَاصُ، نَحْوَ «الْبَابُ لِلدَّارِ»، «وَالْحَصِيرُ لِلْمَسْجِدِ» وَالِاسْتِحْقَاقُ، نَحْوَ «الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ».

The genitive prepositions include: 'min' (from), used for starting a point, as in 'I traveled from Cairo'; 'ilā' (to), used for an endpoint, as in 'I traveled to Alexandria'; 'an' (from/away from), used for moving past something, as in 'I shot the arrow from the bow'; 'alā' (on/upon), used for elevation, as in 'I climbed the mountain'; 'fī' (in), used for containment, as in 'the water is in the pitcher'; 'rubba' (many a), used for scarcity, as in 'many a generous man I have met'; 'al-bā'' (by/with), used for transitivity, as in 'I passed through the valley'; 'al-kāf' (like), used for simile, as in 'Layla is like the full moon'; and 'al-lām' (for), which indicates ownership, as in 'the wealth is for Muhammad', specification, as in 'the door is for the house' or 'the mat is for the mosque', and entitlement, as in 'praise is for Allah'.

وَمِنْ حُرُوفِ الْخَفْضِ: حُرُوفُ الْقَسَمِ، وَهِيَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَحْرُفٍ.

The genitive prepositions also include the particles of oath, which are three in number.

الْأَوَّلُ: الْوَاوُ وَهِيَ لَا تَدْخُلُ إِلَّا عَلَى الِاسْمِ الظَّاهِرِ، نَحْوَ «وَاللَّهِ» وَنَحْوَ «وَالطُّورِ وَكِتَابٍ مَسْطُورٍ» وَنَحْوَ «وَالدِّينِ وَالزَّيْتُونِ وَطُورِ سِينِينَ».

The first is the waw, which only precedes an explicit noun, as in 'by Allah', 'by the Mount', 'by a Book inscribed', and 'by the Fig and the Olive, and by Mount Sinai'.

ضَابِطُ لَامِ الْمِلْكِ: أَنْ تَقَعَ بَيْنَ ذَاتَيْنِ وَتَدْخُلَ عَلَى مَنْ يُتَصَوَّرُ مِنْهُ الْمِلْكُ، وَضَابِطُ لَامِ الِاخْتِصَاصِ: أَنْ تَقَعَ بَيْنَ ذَاتَيْنِ وَتَدْخُلَ عَلَى مَا لَا يُتَصَوَّرُ مِنْهُ الْمِلْكُ كَالْمَسْجِدِ وَالدَّارِ، وَلَامُ الِاسْتِحْقَاقِ: هِيَ الَّتِي تَقَعُ بَيْنَ اسْمِ ذَاتٍ كَلَفْظِ الْجَلَالَةِ وَاسْمِ مَعْنًى كَالْحَمْدِ.

The rule for the lām of ownership is that it connects two entities and precedes one capable of owning. The rule for the lām of specification is that it connects two entities and precedes one incapable of owning, such as a mosque or a house. Finally, the lām of entitlement connects a concrete noun, such as the Name of Majesty, to an abstract noun, such as praise.

Vocabulary · المفردات (9 verbs · 65 nouns)

• ذَهَبَ — to go
• سَافَرَ — to travel
• رَمَى — to throw
• صَعِدَ — to ascend
• قَابَلَ — to meet
• مَرَّ — to pass
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• وَقَعَ — to fall
• تَصَوَّرَ — to be imagined
• تَكْرَار — repetition
• شَكْلَة — diacritic
• ضَبْط — vocalization
• قَلَم — pen
• كِتَاب — book
• مُسْلِمَة — female Muslim
• فَاطِمَة — Fatima
• حِين — time
• سَاعَة — hour
• كَلِمَة — word
• اسْم — noun
• دَلِيل — evidence
• وُجُود — existence
• تَنْوِين — nunation
• آخِر — end
• عَلَامَة — sign
• ثَالِث — third
• دُخُول — entry
• أَلِف — alif
• لَام — lam
• أَوَّل — beginning
• رَجُل — man
• غُلَام — boy
• فَرَس — horse
• بَيْت — house
• مَدْرَسَة — school
• رَابِع — fourth
• حَرْف — letter
• خَفْض — genitive case
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• ابْتِدَاء — beginning
• انْتِهَاء — ending
• مُجَاوَزَة — passing beyond
• سَهْم — arrow
• قَوْس — bow
• اسْتِعْلَاء — elevation
• جَبَل — mountain
• مَاء — water
• كُوز — pitcher
• تَقْلِيل — minimization
• كَرِيم — generous
• تَعْدِيَة — transitivity
• وَادِي — valley
• تَشْبِيه — simile
• بَدْر — full moon
• مِلْك — ownership
• مَال — wealth
• اخْتِصَاص — specification
• بَاب — door
• دَار — house
• حَصِير — mat
• مَسْجِد — mosque
• اسْتِحْقَاق — entitlement
• حَمْد — praise
• قَسَم — oath
• ثَلَاث — three
• ظَاهِر — apparent
• طُور — mountain
• دِين — religion
• زَيْتُون — olive
• سِينِين — Sinai
• ضَابِط — rule
• ذَات — essence
• لَفْظ — utterance
• جَلَالَة — majesty