Lane's Lexicon (Edward Lane, 1863)

8 اـِشْتَهَبَ and 9: see 1, first sentence.

11 اـِشْهَاْبَّ see 1, first sentence. ― -b2- Also, said of seedproduce, (tropical:) It dried up, or became yellow, (S, A,) but with somewhat green remaining in its interstices: (S:) or was near to yielding, and became white, and dried up, but with a little greenness remaining in its interstices. (TA.) ― -b3- Accord. to the L, one says also اشهابّت مَشَافِرُهُ [app. meaning His lips became of an ashy hue ]. (TA.)

شَهْبٌ ذ A mountain overspread with snow. (O, K.) -A2- And a boy, or young man, light, or active, in body, and sharp-headed. (IAar, TA voce عَضْبٌ. [See also شِهَابٌ.])

شَهَبٌ ذ : see what next follows.

شُهْبَةٌ ذ A [ gray ] colour in which whiteness predominates over blackness, (S, Msb,) or in which whiteness is interrupted by blackness; as also ↓ شَهَبٌ; (A, K;) which latter is [properly] an inf. n., of شَهِبَ: (S, Msb:) or whiteness mixed with blackness: (Har p. 150:) not pure whiteness, as some have imagined it to be. (TA.) And in horses, A colour in which the main hue is interrupted by a hoariness, or by some white hairs, whether the horse be [ in his general colour ] كُمَيْت or أَشْقَر or أَدْهَم. (A' Obeyd, TA.)

شَهَبَانٌ ذ A kind of plant (شَجَرٌ), resembling the ثُمَام [or panic grass ]; (K;) like شَبَهَانٌ. (TA. [But see this last word.])

شَهَابٌ ذ (AHát, S, K) and ↓ شُهَابَةٌ (AHát, Kr, K) Milk mixed with much water: (AHát, S:) or a mixture of which one third is milk and the rest water: (K, TA:) Az heard several of the Arabs apply the former term to milk mixed with water: so called on account of the alteration of its colour. (TA.)

شِهَابٌ ذ , in its primary acceptation, A شُعْلَة [i. e. either brand or flame (app. the former, agreeably with what follows,)] of fire: (TA:) or a شُعْلَة of fire gleaming or radiating: (S, K:) accord. to ISk, a firebrand; i. e. a stick in which is fire: or, accord. to AHeyth, originally, a piece of wood, or stick, in which is fire gleaming or radiating: (Az, TA:) pl. شُهُبٌ, (S, K,) and some allow شُهْبٌ, (TA,) and شُهْبَانٌ (Akh, S, K) and شِهْبَانٌ, (K,) which is strange, (TA,) and أَشْهُبٌ, (K,) which last is [a pl. of pauc., but] thought by IM to be a quasi-pl. n. (TA.) The reading بِشِهَابِ قَبَسٍ, instead of بِشِهَابٍ قَبَسٍ, in the Kur [xxvii. 7], is an instance of a word prefixed to another identical therewith. (Fr. L.) ― -b2- Hence, [ A shooting, or falling, star; ] a star, or the like of a star, that darts down [or is hurled ] by night; and particularly after a devil; as occurring in the Kur [xv. 18 and] xxxvii. 10; and in a trad.; respecting the attempt of a devil to hear, by stealth, words uttered in heaven. (TA.) ― -b3- [Hence also,] الشُّهُبُ signifies The shining, or brightly-shining, stars: (K:) or the seven stars [or planets; meaning, not the Pleiades (which are called النَّجْمُ), but the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn: the first three of which are said by Freytag to be called صِغَارُ الشُّهُبِ]. (TA.) ― -b4- For another meaning assigned in the K to الشُّهُبُ, see الشُّهْبُ, voce أَشْهَبُ. ― -b5- شِهَابٌ also signifies (tropical:) One who is penetrating, sharp, or energetic, in an affair; (K, TA;) as being likened to the [shooting] star. (TA.) One says, اـِنَّ فُلَانًا لَشِهَابُ حَرْبٍ (tropical:) Verily such a man is one who is penetrating, sharp, or energetic, in war. (S, A. *) And هٰؤُلَاآءِ شُهْبَانُ الجَيْشِ (tropical:) [ These are the braves, or heroes, of the army ]. (A.) ― -b6- Also the name of A certain devil: occurring in a trad.: hence the Prophet changed the name of a certain man [originally] thus named. (TA.)

شُهَابَةٌ ذ : see شَهَابٌ.

كَتِيبَةٌ شَهَّابَةٌ ذ : see أَشْهَبُ.

شَاهِبٌ ذ : see أَشْهَبُ, first sentence.

شَوْهَبٌ ذ The hedge-hog; syn. قُنْفُذٌ. (S, K.)

أَشْهَبُ ذ Of the colour termed شُهْبَةٌ; (S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ شَاهِبٌ, (K,) occurring in the poetry of Hudheyl: (TA:) fem. of the former شَهْبَاآءُ: (S, Msb, K: *) and pl. شُهْبٌ: (O:) the former epithet is applied to a horse, (S,) [contr. to an assertion of IAar, (see 4,)] and to a he-mule, (Msb,) and شَهْبَاآءُ to a she-mule. (Mgh, Msb.) [Golius, on the authority of Meyd, explains أَشْهَبُ أَدْهَمُ, applied to a horse, as meaning Subniger, spadiceus: and أَشْهَبُ أَخْضَرُ as meaning lucide leviterve viridis: the correct meaning of the former seems to be of a blackish, or brownish, gray: and that of the latter, of a dark dustcoloured gray: see أَدْهَمُ and أَخْضَرُ.] الشَّهْبَاآءُ was the name of a mare belonging to El-Kattál ElBejelee. (O, K; in the CK El-Bejlee.) Applied to a she-goat, شَهْبَاآءُ signifies Of a white colour intermixed with black: thus applied, it is like مَلْحَاآءُ applied to a ewe. (K.) Applied to a غُرَّة [or blaze on a horse's forehead], it means In which are hairs differing from the whiteness [ of the blaze ]. (S.) And الأَشَاهِبُ is [a pl. formed from الأَشْهَبُ as though this were a subst.] applied to the Benu-l-Mundhir, (K,) or one of the troops of En-Noamán Ibn-El-Mundhir, consisting of the sons of his paternal uncle and his maternal uncles, and their brethren; (TA;) so called because of their comeliness, (K,) or because of the whiteness of their faces. (TA.) ― -b2- Applied to ambergris, (K, TA,) (assumed tropical:) Of an excellent colour, i. e., (TA,) inclining to whiteness. (K, TA.) And applied to an iron head or blade of an arrow or of a spear &c., (tropical:) That has been filed so that its blackness has gone: (S, A, TA:) or that has been filed lightly, so that all its blackness has not gone. (AHn, TA.) [Hence,] كَتِيبَةٌ شَهْبَاآءُ (assumed tropical:) A great troop having numerous weapons; (K;) so called because of the iron; (S;) or because of the whiteness of the weapons and iron, intermixed with blackness: or a troop of which the iron [ of the weapons and armour ] is white and bright: (TA:) or, as also ↓ كَتِيبَةٌ شَهَّابَةٌ, a troop upon which is [ seen ] the whiteness of the iron [ weapons &c. ]. (T, TA. [See also كَتِيبَةٌ مَلْحَاآءُ, voce أَمْلَحُ.]) And جَيْشٌ أَشْهَبُ A strong army [app. because of its numerous weapons]. (TA.) ― -b3- أَرْضٌ شَهْبَاآءُ (assumed tropical:) A land in which is no verdure, by reason of the paucity of rain. (TA.) And [hence,] سَنَةٌ شَهْبَاآءُ (tropical:) A year of drought, or sterility, white in consequence thereof, (TA,) in which is no verdure, or in which is no rain: (K, TA:) next in degree is the بَيْضَاآء; then, the حَمْرَاآء, which is more severe than the بَيْضَاآء; (TA;) and then, the سَوْدَاآء: (TA in art. حمر:) or a year that is white by reason of the abundance of snow and the want of herbage: (IB, TA:) or a year of drought, or sterility; because the seedproduce dries up therein, and becomes yellow: and عَامٌ أَشْهَبُ signifies the same. (Har p. 150.) And أَشْهَبَانِ (assumed tropical:) Two white years (عَامَانِ أَبْيَضَانِ) between which is no verdure (K, TA) of herbage. (TA.) And يَوْمٌ أَشْهَبُ (tropical:) A cold day: (A, K:) or a day of cold wind; thought to be so called on account of the snow and hoar frost and hail therein: (L, TA:) or a day of hoar-frost: (Az, TA:) a day of cold wind and hoar frost; and [in like manner] the night (اللَّيْلَةُ) is termed شَهْبَاآءُ. (S.) In the following verse, cited by Sb, فِدًى لِبَنِى ذُهْلِ بْنِ شَيْبَانَ نَاقَتِى اـِذَا كَانَ يَوْمٌ ذُو كَوَاكِبَ أَشْهَبُ [ May my she-camel be a ransom for the sons of Dhuhl Ibn-Sheybán when there is a day of difficulties, or distresses, . . .] the meaning may be اشهب [or whitish ] by reason of the whiteness of the weapons, or by reason of the dust. (TA.) And الشُّهْبُ [pl. of أَشْهَبُ], (O,) or ↓ الشُّهُبُ [pl. of شِهَابٌ], (K,) [but the former, I think, is evidently the right,] (assumed tropical:) The white nights; (اللَّيَالِى البِيضُ;) [i. e. the thirteenth and fourteenth and fifteenth nights of the lunar month; so called because lighted by the moon throughout, (see art. بيض;)] (O;) three nights of the month; (K, TA;) because of the alteration of their colour. (TA.) ― -b4- أَشْهَبُ [or أَمْرٌ أَشْهَبُ] also signifies (assumed tropical:) A hard, or difficult, affair or case, (K, TA,) such as is disliked, or hated. (TA.) And أَشْهَبُ بَازِلٌ (assumed tropical:) A hard, or difficult, affair or case, that is beyond one's power [ of accomplishment or endurance ]: termed بازل because the camel thus termed is one that has attained its utmost strength. (O, TA. [See also art. بزل.]) ― -b5- And الأَشْهَبُ signifies The lion. (O, K.) [And in the Deewán of Jereer, it is applied to The swine. (Freytag.)]

1 شَهِدَ ذ , (S, A, Mgh, L, Msb, K,) aor. شَهَدَ ; (K;) and شَهُدَ, aor. شَهُدَ ; (K;) also pronounced and written شَهْدَ, (Akh, S, K,) and شِهْدَ, and شِهِدَ, accord. to a rule applying to all verbs of the measure فَعِلَ of which the medial radical letter is a faucial; (MF;) inf. n. شَهَادَةٌ (S, A, Mgh, L, Msb, K) and شهد; (TA;) [there written without any syll. sign, and not found by me in any other Lex.;]) He told, or gave information of, what he had witnessed, or seen or beheld with his eye: (Mgh, L, Msb:) this is the primary signification: (L:) he declared what he knew: he gave testimony, attestation, or evidence; he bore witness: (L:) he gave decisive information. (S, A, L, K.) [See also شَهَادَةٌ below.] You say, شَهِدَ بِكَذَا, inf. n. as above, (S, A, Mgh, L, Msb, K,) He told, or gave information of, such a thing, as having witnessed it, or seen or beheld it with his eye; (Mgh, Msb;) or declared such a thing as knowing it; (L;) or gave his testimony, attestation, or evidence, respecting it; or bore witness of it, or to it; (S, A, L, K;) عِنْدَ الحَاكِمِ [ in the presence of the judge ]; لِفُلَانٍ [ for, or in favour of, such a one ], (S, Mgh, L, K,) and عَلَى فُلَانٍ [ against, or in opposition to, such a one ]. (Mgh.) And شَهِدَ عَلَى كَذَا He gave decisive information [ respecting such a thing (as in the Kur xlvi. 9, and in many other instances); he testified respecting it ]. (S, L. [See also another meaning of this phrase in what follows.]) [Hence,] شَهِدَ ا@للّٰهُ أَنَّهُ لَا اـِلَاهَ اـِلَّا هُوَ, in the Kur [iii. 16], means God hath given evidence that there is no deity but He: (Abu-l- 'Abbás, IAmb, Jel:) or God knoweth &c.; (Ah- mad Ibn-Yahyà, K;) and so شَهِدَ ا@للّٰهُ throughout the Kur-án: (Ahmad Ibn-Yahyà:) or God saith &c.: or God hath written &c. (K.) And أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا اـِلَاهَ اـِلَّاا@للّٰهُ I know, (Msb, K,) [or acknowledge, ] and I declare, [or testify, that there is no deity but God: ] (K:) [Fei says,] the verb is trans. in this phrase by itself [i. e. without the intervention of a prep.] because it is used in the sense of أَعْلَمُ. (Msb.) [And hence, كَلِمَةُ الشَّهَادَةِ means The sentence declaring that there is no deity but God and that Mohammad is God's apostle. ] ― -b2- شَهِدَ بِا@للّٰهِ, (Mgh, * Msb,) aor. شَهَدَ , inf. n. شَهَادَةٌ, (Mgh,) means He swore by God: (Mgh, Msb:) and أَشْهَدُ بِكَذَا I swear by such a thing. (S, K.) أَشْهَدُ بِا@للّٰهِ لَقَدْ كَانَ كَذَا I swear by God that such a thing happened, or took place, combines the meaning of witnessing with that of swearing and that of informing at the time of uttering these words; as though the speaker said, I swear by God that I witnessed such a thing, and now I inform of it. (Msb.) Accord. to some, when one says only أَشْهَدُ, not adding بِا@للّٰهِ, it is an oath. (TA.) ― -b3- شَهِدَ عَلَى كَذَا, a phrase of which one meaning has been expl. above, means also He became a witness (شَاهِد) of, or to, such a thing; (S, K;) he had knowledge of such a thing, and witnessed it, or saw it or beheld it with his eye: (Msb:) and شَهِدَهُ, (Mgh, L,) inf. n. شَهَادَةٌ, (L,) [likewise] signifies he witnessed it; or saw, or beheld, it, or him, with his eye; (Mgh, L;) and (Mgh, L, Msb) so ↓ شاهدهُ, (A, Mgh, L, Msb, K,) inf. n. مُشَاهَدَةٌ. (S, A, L, Msb.) [Hence,] one says, مِنْهُ حَالٌ جَمِيلَةٌ ↓ شُوهِدَتْ [ A comely, or pleasing, state, or condition, of him was witnessed ]. (A.) ― -b4- And شَهِدَهُ, (aor. شَهَدَ , K,) inf. n. شُهُودٌ, He was, or became, present at it, or in it; (S, A, Mgh, L, Msb, * K;) namely, a place, (Mgh,) or an assembly. (Msb.) Hence the saying, (Msb,) فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ ا@لشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ, in the Kur [ii. 181], Therefore whosoever of you shall be present in the month, and stationary, not journeying, he shall fast therein (Mgh, Msb) as long as he shall remain present and stationary: (Msb:) الشهر being here in the accus. case as an adv. n. of time. (Mgh, Msb.) [And hence,] شَهِدَ الجُمْعَةَ He attained to [ the being present at ] the جُمْعَة [here meaning, as in many other instances, the prayer of Friday ]: (Mgh:) and شَهِدَ العِيدَ he attained to [ the being present at ] the عِيد [or festival, or the prayer thereof ]. (Msb.) [Hence also,] it is said in a trad., يَشْهَدُ بَيْعَكُمُ الحَلِفُ وَاللَّغْوُ [ Swearing, and unprofitable speech, attend your selling ]. (TA in art. شوب: see 1 in that art.)

2 شَهَّدَ see 4.

3 شَاْهَدَ see 1, latter half, in two places.

4 أَشْهَدْتُهُ عَلَى كَذَا ذ I made him to be a witness (شَاهِد) of, or to such a thing: (S, Mgh, L:) [and in like manner,] أَشْهَدْتُهُ الشَّىْءَ I made him to have knowledge of the thing, and to witness it, or see it or behold it with his eye. (Msb.) See also 10. اـِشْهَادٌ in relation to criminal matters means [The causing one to take notice of a thing that threatens to occasion some injury, with a view to the prevention of such injury; as, for instance, ] the saying to the owner of a house, “ This thy wall is leaning, therefore demolish it, ” or “ feared, therefore repair it. ” (Mgh.) ― -b2- اشهدهُ also signifies He caused him to be present. (K.) You say, أَشْهَدَنِى اـِمْلَاكَهُ He caused me to be present [ at, or on the occasion of, his being put in possession ]. (S.) ― -b3- أُشْهِدَ: see 10. -A2- اشهد [as intrans.] (assumed tropical:) Humorem tenuem e pene emisit vir propter lusum amatorium vel osculum; (S, K;) as also ↓ شهّد, (K,) inf. n. تَشْهِيدٌ: (TA:) [from شَهْدٌ signifying “ honey; ” for] عُسَيْلَةٌ is a term for مَذْىٌ. (S.) (assumed tropical:) He rendered his مِئْزَر [or waist-wrapper ] of a reddish hue and of a dark dust-colour (أَخْضَر) [ by the act above-mentioned ]. (L.) (assumed tropical:) He (a boy) attained to puberty. (Th, TA.) And اشهدت She (a girl) menstruated: and attained to puberty. (K.)

5 التَّشَهُّدُ ذ in prayer is well known; (S, K;) The reciting of the form of words commencing with التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلّٰهِ: [see art. حى:] from the occurrence therein of the words أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا اـِلَاهَ اـِلَّا ا@للّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ. (Mgh, * TA. [See also Har p. 611.]) ― -b2- And تَشَهَّدَ also signifies He sought, or desired to obtain, martyrdom. (L.)

10 استشهدهُ ذ He asked him, or required him, to tell what he had witnessed, or seen or beheld with his eye; to declare what he knew; to give testimony, or evidence; to bear witness; or to give decisive information. (S, Mgh, L, Msb, K.) You say, اِسْتَشْهَدْتُ فُلَانًا عَلَى فُلَانٍ I asked, or required, [or cited, or summoned, ] such a one to give his testimony, or evidence, or to bear witness, against such a one. (L.) And اِسْتَشْهَدْتُ الرَّجُلَ عَلَى اـِقْرَارِ الغَرِيمِ and ↓ أَشْهَدْتُهُ I asked, or required, [&c., and made, ] the man to bear witness to, or to be witness of or to, the confession, or acknowledgment, of the debtor. (L.) ― -b2- [Hence,] استشهد بِبَيْتٍ عَلَى مَعْنَى كَلِمَةٍ [ He adduced, or urged, or cited, a verse as an evidential example of the meaning of a word ]. (A phrase of frequent occurrence in the larger lexicons.) ― -b3- اُسْتُشْهِدَ (S, K) and ↓ أُشْهِدَ (K) He was slain a martyr in the cause of God's religion. (S, K. [See شَهِيدٌ.])

شَهْدٌ ذ : see شَاهِدٌ, first sentence. -A2- Also, and ↓ شُهْدٌ, (S, Msb, K,) the former of the dial. of Temeem, and the latter of the people of El-'Áliyeh, (Msb, TA,) Honey: (K:) or honey in its wax [i. e. its comb ]; (S, Msb;) honey not expressed from its wax [or comb ]: (TA:) pl. شِهَادٌ: (S, Msb, K:) شَهْدَةٌ is a more particular term, (S, K,) the n. un., [signifying a portion thereof; and a honey-comb, or a portion of a honey-comb; ] as also شُهْدَةٌ. (TA.)

شُهْدٌ ذ : see the next preceding paragraph.

شُهُودٌ ذ : see شَاهِدٌ, in two places.

شَهِيدٌ ذ is also written and pronounced شِهِيدٌ, with kesr to the ش: (K, TA:) and in like manner is every word of the measure فَعِيلٌ having a faucial letter for its, medial radical, whether an epithet, like this, or a subst., like رَغِيفٌ and بَعِيرٌ: ElHemdánee says, in the “ Iaráb el-Kur-án, ” that the people of El-Hijáz, and Benoo-Asad, say رَحِيمٌ and رَغِيفٌ and بَعِيرٌ, with fet-h to the first letter; and Keys and Rabee'ah and Temeem say رَحِيمٌ and رِغِيفٌ and بِعِيرٌ, with kesr to the first letter: Sub says, in the R, that Temeem pronounce every فَعِيل of which the medial radical letter is hemzeh or any other faucial with kesr to the first letter: and En-Nawawee states, on the authority of Lth, that some of the Arabs do the same when the medial radical letter is not a faucial; as in كبير and كريم and جليل and the like thereof. (TA.) [This last pronunciation obtains extensively in the present day: and so, in similar cases, does the intermediate pronunciation termed اـِمَالَةُ الفَتْحِ, (i. e. the pronouncing fet-h like “ e ” in the English word “ bed, ”) which may be justly regarded as the best to be followed because intermediate and because sanctioned by the usage of the classical times, except in cases that are pointed out by the grammarians as presenting obstacles to the pronunciation thus termed.] ― -b2- شَهِيدٌ is syn. with شَاهِدٌ [in several senses, as shown below]: and its pl. is شُهَدَاآءُ. (S, K.) See شَاهِدٌ, in six places. ― -b3- Also Possessing much knowledge with respect to external things: خَبِيرٌ is used in the like sense with respect to internal things; and عَلِيمٌ, in the like sense absolutely. (L.) [Hence, perhaps,] وَا@دْعُوا شُهَداآءَكُمْ, in the Kur ii. 21, [as though meaning And call ye to your aid those of you who possess much knowledge: or] the meaning here is, your helpers: (Bd:) or your gods whom ye worship. (Jel.) الشَّهِيدُ as a name of God means The Faithful, or Trusty, in his testimony (Zj, L,) or in testimony: (K:) and (Zj, K) as some say, (Zj,) He from whose knowledge nothing is hidden; the Omniscient. (Zj, L, K.) ― -b4- Also, derived from الشَّهَادَةُ, or from المُشَاهَدَةُ, or from الشُّهُودُ, [all inf. ns.,] accord. to different opinions; (TA;) and of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ; (Msb, TA;) or in the sense of the measure فَاعِلٌ; (TA;) A martyr who is slain in the cause of God's religion; (S, K;) [i. e.] one who is slain by unbelievers on a field of battle; (Msb;) one who is slain fighting in the cause of God's religion: (IAth:) so called because the angels of mercy are present with him; (K;) because the angels are present at the washing of his corpse, or at the removal of his soul to Paradise: (Msb:) or because God and his angels are witnesses for him of his title to a place in Paradise: (IAmb, Mgh, * K:) or because he is one of those who shall be required to bear witness on the day of resurrection, (K, TA,) with the Prophet, (TA,) against the people of past times, (K, TA,) who charged their prophets with falsehood: (TA:) or because of his falling upon the ↓ شَاهِدَة, or ground: (K:) or because he is still living, and present with his Lord: (ISh, Mgh, K:) or because he witnesses. or beholds, God's world of spirits and his world of corporeal beings: (K, * TA:) [and several other reasons are assigned for this appellation:] the primary application is that expl. above: but it is also applied by the Prophet to one who dies of colic: one who is drowned: one who is burned to death: one who is killed by a building falling to ruin upon him: one who dies of pleurisy: (IAth, L:) one who dies of plague, or pestilence: a woman who dies in a state of pregnancy: (L:) and to some others: (IAth:) the pl. is شُهَدَاآءُ. (A, Msb, K, &c.)

شَهَادَةٌ ذ [see 1:] Information of what one has witnessed, or seen or beheld with his eye: (IF, Mgh, L, Msb:) this is the primary signification: (L:) said to be a subst. from المُشَاهَدَةُ: (Msb:) declaration of what one knows: testimony, attestation, evidence, or witness: (L:) decisive information. (S, A, L, K.) ― -b2- An oath: pl. شَهَادَاتٌ: so in the Kur xxiv. 6 [and 8]. (TA.) ― -b3- Martyrdom in the cause of God's religion. (S, K. [See شَهِيدٌ.]) ― -b4- Also i. q. مَشْهَدٌ as expl. below: see the latter word. ― -b5- [And it is used in the sense of مُشَاهَدٌ: thus,] عَالِمُ الغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ, in the Kur vi. 73 &c., means The Knower of what is unseen and of what is seen. (Jel.)

شَهِيدَةٌ ذ A roasted lamb: or [the kind of food called ] هَرِيسَة [q. v.]: pl. شِهَادٌ. (Har. p. 609.)

[ شَهَّادٌ ذ Always present. (Freytag from the Deewán of the Hudhalees.)]

شَاهِدٌ ذ (S, Mgh, L, K) and ↓ شَهِيدٌ (S, * Mgh, L) One who tells, or gives information of, what he has witnessed, or seen or beheld with his eye: (Mgh, L:) one who declares what he knows: (L:) one who knows, and declares what he knows: (ISd, TA:) a witness, as meaning one who gives testimony, or evidence; who bears witness: (S, * L, K: *) [ one who gives decisive information: (see 1, first sentence:)] pl. of the former ↓ شَهْدٌ, (Akh, S, K,) or [rather] this is a quasi-pl. n., (Sb, TA,) like as صَحْبٌ is of صَاحِبٌ, and سَفْرٌ of سَافِرٌ, (S,) but some disallow this; (TA;) and ↓ شُهُودٌ [but see what is said of this in the latter half of the paragraph] and أَشْهَادٌ are also pls. of شَاهِدٌ, (Mgh, L,) or of شَهْدٌ: (S, K:) the pl. of ↓ شَهِيدٌ is شُهَدَاآءُ. (S, Mgh.) [Hence,] ↓ مَعَهَا سَائِقٌ وَشَهِيدٌ, in the Kur 1. 20: see art. سوق. ― -b2- [Hence also] الشَّاهِدُ a name of the Prophet; (K;) meaning The witness against those to whom he has been sent. (Jel in xxxiii. 44.) ― -b3- And شَاهِدٌ An angel: (S, L, K:) or a guardian angel: (Mujáhid:) pl. أَشْهَادٌ: or this means the prophets. (TA.) ― -b4- And The tongue: (S, L, K:) from the saying, لِفُلَانٍ شَاهِدٌ حَسَنٌ Such a one has an elegant diction. (L.) One says also, مَا لِفُلَانٍ رُوَاآءٌ وَلَا شَاهِدٌ Such a one has neither goodliness of aspect nor tongue. (Aboo-Bekr, L.) ― -b5- [As a conventional term used in lexicology &c.,] An evidential example, generally poetical, of the form or meaning of a word or phrase: pl. شَوَاهِدُ: the sciences that require شَوَاهِد being those of اللُّغَة and الصَّرْف and النَّحْو and المَعَانِى and البَيَان and البَدِيع and العَرُوض and القَوَافِى. (MF on the خُطْبَة of the K.) [One says, هٰذَا شَاهِدٌ لِكَذَا and عَلَى كَذَا This is an evidential example of such a thing. ] With respect to the classical language, absolutely, شواهد are taken, by universal consent, from the Kur-án, and from the language [both verse and prose (Kull p. 348)] of those Arabs who lived before the period of the corruption [in any considerable degree] of the Arabic tongue: [see مُوَلَّدٌ:] also, accord. to the general decision of the learned, from the Traditions of Mohammad; [which last source is excluded by some because traditions may be corrupted in language by their transmitters, and interpolated, and even forged;] and electively from the language of those Arabs who lived after the first corruption of the Arabic tongue, but before the corruption had become extensive. (Mz, 1st نوع; and MF ubi suprà. [See, again, مُوَلَّدٌ.]) The classes of the poets from whose poetry شواهد are taken are the Pagan Arabs, the Mukhadrams, the Islámees, and the Muwelleds: [see جَاهِلِىٌّ and مُخَضْرَمٌ and اـِسْلَامِىٌّ and مُوَلَّدٌ:] with respect to all the sciences above mentioned, they are taken from the poetry of the first, second, and third, classes; from that of the first and second by universal consent, and from that of the third electively: (MF ubi suprá:) but they are taken from the poetry of the fourth class with respect only to the sciences of المَعَانِى and البَيَان and البَدِيع. (Idem, and Kull p. 348.) [The age of the earliest existing classical poems (though some older fragments and couplets and single verses have been preserved) is only about a century before the birth of Mohammad: that of the latest, about a century after his death. (See the Preface to this work.)] ― -b6- Knowing, (Msb,) and witnessing, or seeing or beholding with his eye; a witness, as meaning an eyewitness; (L, Msb;) as also ↓ شَهِيدٌ: pl. of the former [or, as is said in the L in art. مجد, of the former or of the latter,] أَشْهَادٌ and شُهُودٌ; [but see what is said of these pls. in the first sentence of this paragraph;] and of the latter شُهَدَاآءُ. (Msb.) [See an ex. of ↓ شَهِيدٌ in this sense in a verse cited voce رَبٌّ.] ― -b7- [Hence, in the present day, applied to A notary, who hears and writes and attests cases to be submitted for judgment in the court of a kádee. ] ― -b8- Present; a witness as meaning one personally present; (S, L, Msb, K;) as also ↓ شَهِيدٌ: (Msb:) pl. of the former شُهَّدٌ (S, L, K) [and أَشْهَادٌ, as above,] and ↓ شُهُودٌ, (K,) or this last is used as a pl. but is originally an inf. n. (S, L.) One says, الشَّاهِدُ يَرَى مَا لَا يَرَى الغَائِبُ, meaning The present knows what the absent knows not. (Msb.) And قَوْمٌ شُهُودٌ People, or persons, present. (S, A.) And كَلَّمْتُهُ عَلَى رُؤُوسِ الأَشْهَادِ [ I spoke to him before witnesses, or persons present ]. (A.) ― -b9- [Hence, app., being opposed to غَائِبٌ,] A running in which a horse exerts his force unsparingly; (A, L;) as in the saying, لِلْفَرَسِ غَائِبٌ وَشَاهِدٌ The horse has a run which he reserves [ for the time of need ], and a run which he performs unsparingly; like the saying, لَهُ صَوْنٌ وَبَذْلٌ: (A: [see 1 in art. بذل:]) or شَاهِدٌ means a running that testifies the excellence of a horse, (IAar, K,) and his quality of outstripping others. (IAar, TA.) ― -b10- A star [app. when visible ]; (Aboo-Eiyoob, K;) as being present and apparent in the night. (TA.) ― -b11- [Hence, accord. to some,] صَلَاةُ الشَّاهِدِ The prayer of sunset; (A, L, Msb, K;) because it is the prayer that is performed when the star becomes visible; (Sh, L;) also called صَلَاةُ البَصَرِ, because the stars are seen at the time thereof: or, accord. to some, the prayer of daybreak; (L;) [and so, accord. to some, صَلَاةُ البَصَرِ; (see art. بصر;)] as also ↓ المَشْهُودُ; (TA;) and it is said to be so called because he who is travelling must perform it without abridging it, like him who is present at his home: Aboo-Sa'eed Ed-Dareer says that the former prayer is so called for this reason [as is also said in the A and Msb]: AM asserts that the first reason assigned above is the right one, because the prayer of daybreak, in like manner, may not be abridged, and is not thus called; but it is thus called by a poet. (L.) ― -b12- And الشَّاهِدُ is a name of Friday; (Fr, K;) as also ↓ المَشْهُودُ: or the latter [...]

الشَّاهِدَةُ ذ The earth, or ground. (K.) See شَهِيدٌ, last sentence.

مَشْهَدٌ ذ A place where people are present or assembled; a place of assembling; an assembly; (S, L, K;) as also ↓ مَشْهَدَةٌ and ↓ مَشْهُدَةٌ (K) and ↓ شَهَادَةٌ: (L:) pl. مَشَاهِدُ. (A.) [Hence,] مَشَاهِدُ مَكَّةَ The places of religious visitation, where the ceremonies of the pilgrimage &c. are performed, at Mekkeh. (L.) ― -b2- [ A funeral assembly or procession. ― -b3- A place where a martyr has died or is buried. ― -b4- And The aspect, or outward appearance, of a person; like مَرْأًى: see an instance voce عَوْدٌ.]

مُشْهَدٌ ذ Slain a martyr in the cause of God's religion. (K. [See also شَهِيدٌ.])

اِمْرَأَةٌ مُشْهِدٌ ذ , (S, A, K,) without ة, (S,) and مُشْهِدَةٌ, (A,) A woman whose husband is present with her: (S, A, K:) opposed to اِمْرَأَةٌ مُغِيبَةٌ; (S, A;) this last with ة. (S.)

مَشْهَدَةٌ ذ and مَشْهُدَةٌ: see مَشْهَدٌ.

مَجْلِسٌ مَشْهُودٌ ذ [ A place of assembling at which numerous persons are present ]. (A.) And يَوْمٌ مَشْهُودٌ [ A day on which numerous persons are present: and particularly] a day on which the inhabitants of heaven and earth will be present. (TA.) And صَلَاةٌ مَشْهُودَةٌ مَكْتُوبَةٌ A prayer at the performance of which the angels are present, and the recompense of which, for the performer, is written, or registered. (L.) See also شَاهِدٌ, in two places, in the last quarter of the paragraph. ― -b2- مَعْهُودٌ وَمَشْهُودٌ وَمَوْعُودٌ Past and present and future; the tenses of a verb. (Kh, L in art. عهد.)

شَهْدَانِجٌ ذ , (K accord. to the TA,) with fet-h to the ش and kesr to the ن, (TA,) and شَاهْدَانِجٌ, (K accord. to the TA,) or شَهْدَانَجٌ, (Mgh, Msb, and so in the CK, except that it is there written as though imperfectly decl.,) with fet-h to the ن, (Msb,) and شَاهْدَانَج, (CK,) arabicized from [the Pers.] شَاهْ دَانَهْ, which means “ king of grains, ” (Ibn-El-Kutbee, TA,) The seed of the قِنَّب [or hemp ]: (Mgh, Msb, K:) it is useful as a remedy for the quartan fever, (K,) prepared as a beverage, (TA,) and for the [kinds of leprosy called] بَهَق and بَرَص, (K,) applied as a liniment, (TA,) and it kills what are called حَبُّ القَرْعِ, (K,) which are worms in the belly, [tape-worms,] (TA,) when eaten, and also when applied to the belly externally. (K.)

1 شَهَرَهُ ذ , (S, A, K,) aor. شَهَرَ , (S, K,) inf. n. شَهْرٌ and شُهْرَةٌ; (S;) and ↓ شهّرهُ, (S, A, O, K,) inf. n. تَشْهِيرٌ; (S;) and ↓ اشتهرهُ; (S, K;) He made it apparent, conspicuous, manifest, notorious, notable, commonly known, or public: (S, O, MF:) or [it generally means] he made it apparent, &c., as bad, evil, abominable, foul, or unseemly; he exposed it as such; or rendered it notorious in a bad sense, or infamous. (A, K.) You say, شَهَرْتُ الحَدِيثَ, inf. n. as above, I divulged the story, or discourse. (Msb.) And ↓ لِفُلَانٍ فَضِيلَةٌ ا@شْتَهَرَهَا النَّاسُ [ Such a one has an excellent quality which the people have made commonly known ]. (S.) And شَهَرْتُهُ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ I rendered him conspicuous [or notorious or celebrated or renowned ] among the people. (Msb.) And شَهَرْتُ زَيْدًا بِكَذَا and ↓ شهّرته [ I rendered Zeyd conspicuous, notorious, celebrated, or renowned, for such a thing ]; (Mgh, * Msb;) [but] the latter has an intensive signification: ↓ أَشْهَرْتُهُ, with ا, in the sense of شَهَرْتُهُ, has not been transmitted: (Msb:) or is not of established authority. (Mgh.) One says also, شُهِرَ بِكَذَا, and ↓ اِشْتَهَرَ, [generally, but not always, in a bad sense, meaning] He was rendered, or became, notorious, or infamous, for such a thing: (A:) the latter verb being intrans. as well as trans. (TA.) And [hence one says,] ↓ اِشْتَهَرْتُ فُلَانًا meaning (tropical:) I held such a one in light, or little, estimation, or in contempt, and exposed his vices, faults, or evil qualities or actions. (A.) ― -b2- And شَهَرَ سَيْفَهُ, (S, A, Msb, K,) aor. شَهَرَ , (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. شَهْرٌ, (S, Msb,) He drew his sword (S, Msb, TA) from its scabbard: (TA:) or he drew his sword and raised it over the people; (A, K;) as also ↓ شهّرهُ. (K.)

2 شَهَّرَ see above, in three places. [In modern Arabic, شهّر often signifies He paraded an offender as a public example; and it occurs in this sense in the S and TA in art. بلس, &c.: the offender, in this case, is generally mounted upon an ass or a camel, and often with his face towards the animal's tail.]

3 شاهرهُ ذ , (K,) inf. n. مُشَاهَرَةٌ (S, K) and شِهَارٌ, (K,) He hired him, or took him as a hired man or hireling, for [or by ] the month: (Lh, K:) or he made an engagement, or a contract, with him for work or the like, by the month, or month by month: (TA:) المُشَاهَرَةُ from الشَّهْرُ is like المُعَاوَمَةُ from العَامُ. (S, TA.)

4 أَشْهَرَ see 1. -A2- أَشْهَرْنَا, (S, Msb, * K,) inf. n. اـِشْهَارٌ, (Msb,) A month passed (lit. came ) over us. (S, Msb, * K.) And اشهر الصَّبِىُّ [ The child became a month old; or] a month passed (lit. came ) over the child: similar to أَحْوَلَ, (A,) or to أَحَالَ. (Msb.) And اشهرت الدَّارُ The house became altered, or changed, and months passed over it. (TA in art. حول.) ― -b2- Also We remained, stayed, dwelt, or abode, a month in a place. (ISk, S.) ― -b3- And We entered upon the month, i. e., the lunar month. (Th, S.) ― -b4- And اشهرت She (a woman) entered upon the month of her bringing forth. (Msb, K.)

8 اشتهر ذ It was, or became, apparent, conspicuous, manifest, notorious, notable, commonly known, or public: (S:) or [it generally means] it was, or became, apparent, &c., as bad, evil, abominable, foul, or unseemly; it was, or became, exposed as such, or rendered notorious in a bad sense or infamous. (A, K.) It (a story, or discourse,) became divulged, or public. (Msb.) اشتهر بِكَذَا: see 1. -A2- As a trans. verb: see 1 in three places.

شَهْرٌ ذ The new moon, when it appears: (IF, A, Mgh, O, Msb, K:) so called because of its conspicuousness. (Mgh, Msb.) This is the original signification. (Mgh.) [See the last sentence of this paragraph.] You say, رَأَيْتُ الشَّهْرَ, meaning I saw the new moon of the month. (Mgh.) Hence it is said in a trad., صُومُوا الشَّهْرَ, meaning Fast ye the first day of the lunar month. (Lh, TA.) And hence the trad., اـِنَّمَا الشَّهْرُ تِسْعٌ وَعِشْرُونَ, meaning The utility of watching for the new moon is on the nine and twentieth night. (L, TA.) [Or the meaning is, that the lunar month is a period of nine and twenty nights.] ― -b2- Also The moon: or the moon when conspicuous, and near to being full. (K.) ― -b3- And [A lunar month; ] a certain well-known number of days: so called because made manifest by the moon: (ISd, K:) an arabicized word; or, as some say, Arabic; (Msb;) and so called because of its being manifest: (Msb, TA:) pl. [of pauc.] أَشْهُرٌ (Msb, K) and [of mult.] شُهُورٌ. (S, Msb, K.) The following are the modern names of the months: 1. المُحَرَّمُ [to which the epithet الحَرَامُ is often added]: 2. صَفَرٌ [to which the epithet الخَيْرُ is often added]: 3. رَبِيعٌ الأَوَّلُ: 4. رَبِيعٌ الاآخِرُ [or الثَّانِى]: 5. جُمَادَى الأُولَى: 6. جُمَادَى الاآخِرَةُ [or الثَّانِيَةُ]: 7. رَجَبٌ [to which is often added the epithet الأَصَمُّ, and that of الفَرْدُ]: 8. شَعْبَانُ [to which we often find the epithet المُعَظَّمُ added, and sometimes that of الشَّرِيفُ]: 9. رَمَضَانُ [to which the epithet المُبَارَكُ is appropriated]: 10. شَوَّالٌ [to which the epithet المُكَرَّمُ is frequently added]: 11. ذُو القَعْدَةِ: and 12. ذُو الحِجَّةِ: [see the second of the two tables in p. 1254:] and the following are the names by which they were called by the tribe of 'Ád, agreeably with the foregoing numeration: 1. مُؤْتَمِرٌ: 2. نَاجِرٌ: 3. خَوَّانٌ: 4. بُصَّانٌ [q. v.]: 5. رُبَّى: 6. حَنِينٌ: 7. الأَصَمُّ: 8. عَاذِلٌ: 9. نَاتِقٌ: 10. وَعْلٌ: 11. وَرْنَةُ: and 12. بُرَكٌ [or بُرَكُ?]. (Ibn-El-Kelbee, in TA, voce مُؤْتَمِرٌ. [But authors differ respecting some of these names, as will be seen in other articles.]) أَشْهُرٌ مَعْلُومَاتٌ, said, in the Kur [ii. 193], to be the period of the pilgrimage, for by الحَجُّ, which immediately precedes, is meant وَقْتُ الحَجِّ, (Mgh, Msb,) or زَمَانُ الحَجِّ, (Msb,) applies to Showwál and Dhul-Kaadeh and ten days of Dhu-l-Hijjeh, (Mgh, Msb,) accord. to Aboo-Haneefeh (Mgh) and most of the learned, part of Dhu-l-Hijjeh being called a month tropically, as is often done by the Arabs in similar cases, relating to time; for ex. when they say, مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ يَوْمَانِ, the period of separation having been a day and a part of a day: (Msb:) or [ and ] nine days of Dhu-l-Hijjeh with the night preceding the day of the sacrifice, accord. to Esh-Sháfi'ee: (Mgh:) or [ and ] all Dhu-l-Hijjeh, accord. to Málik: (Mgh, Msb:) [in these two explanations the two months next preceding being meant to be included:] or Showwál and Dhu-l- Kaadeh and Dhu-l-Hijjeh and Moharram, accord. to Aboo-'Amr Esh-Shaabee. (Msb.) ― -b4- Also (assumed tropical:) A learned man: (O, K:) [because of his celebrity:] pl. شُهُورٌ. (O, TA.) ― -b5- [And accord. to the K, it signifies also The like of a nail-paring: but this is app. a mistake, perhaps originating from a mutilated transcript of what here follows:] a poet says, describing camels, أَبْدَأْنَ مِنْ نَجْدٍ عَلَى ثِقَةٍ وَالشَّهْرُ مِثْلُ قُلَامَةِ الظُّفْرِ [ They went forth from Nejd in a state of confidence, the new moon being like the nail-paring ]. (O.)

شُهْرَةٌ ذ a subst. from الاِشْتِهَارُ, (Mgh,) signifying The appearance, conspicuousness, manifestness, notoriousness, notableness, or publicity, of a thing: (S, O, Msb:) or [generally] its appearance, &c., as bad, evil, abominable, foul, or unseemly; its notoriousness in a bad sense, or infamousness. (A, K.) ― -b2- Any evil thing that exposes its author to disgrace; any disgraceful, or shameful, thing; a vice, or fault, or the like. (IAar, O, TA.) ― -b3- A dress of the most excellent or superb kind; and one of the vilest or meanest kind: both of which are forbidden. (Mgh.) ― -b4- [It is also used in the sense of مَشْهُورٌ.] One says, جَعَلَهُ شُهْرَةً (tropical:) [ He rendered him notorious, either in a bad or in a good sense ]. (A.) And صَارَ شُهْرَةً, (K in art. دول,) i. e. مَشْهُورًا (assumed tropical:) [ He became notorious, &c.]; said of a man. (TK in that art.)

بِرْذَوْنٌ شِهْرِىٌّ ذ A برذون [or hackney ] between the رَمَكَة [or mare of mean breed ] and the horse of generous breed: one says, لَمْ يَرْكَبِ الشِّهْرِيَّةَ and الشَّهَارِىَ [ He did not ride hackneys of the sort above mentioned ]: (A:) or شِهْرِيَّةٌ signifies بَرَاذِين [or hackneys ]; and its pl. is شَهَارٍ: (Mgh:) or a sort of بَرَاذِين [or hackneys ]; (Lth, O, K;) a horse of which the dam is Arabian but not the sire. (Lth, O.)

شَهِيرٌ ذ : see مَشْهُورٌ. ― -b2- شَهِيرَةٌ A woman, and a she-ass, broad (O, K) and bulky. (O.)

[ أَشْهَرُ ذ More, and most, apparent, conspicuous, manifest, notorious, &c.; better, and best, known. ― -b2- Hence, الأَشْهَرَانِ The drum and the banner. (Gol., from Meyd.)]

أَشَاهِرُ ذ [in the CK اَشاهِيرُ] The whiteness of the narcissus. (K, TA.)

مُشْهِرٌ ذ A child a month old. (O, TA.)

مُشَهَّرٌ ذ : see the following paragraph.

مَشْهُورٌ ذ Of known place or station; (K;) well known; well spoken of; celebrated; held in repute; reputable; notable; eminent; (O, K, TA;) applied to a man; (O, TA;) as also ↓ شَهِيرٌ, (O, K, TA,) and [in an intensive sense] ↓ مُشَهَّرٌ. (TA.) [And Anything apparent, conspicuous, manifest, notorious, notable, commonly known, or public: lit. rendered apparent &c. Applied to a word or phrase or meaning, Commonly known or obtaining or received; well known; or held in repute. Hence عَلَى المَشْهُورِ According to common, or well-known, usage; or according to common repute. ]

1 شَهَقَ ذ , aor. شَهَقَ , (S, Msb,) inf. n. شُهُوقٌ, (Msb,) [said of a mountain, and of a building, &c., (see شَاهِقٌ,)] It rose high; or became high, or elevated, or lofty. (S, Msb.) ― -b2- شَهَقَ, aor. شَهَقَ and شَهِقَ , inf. n. شَهِيقٌ [and تَشْهَاقٌ], said of an ass, [ He uttered the ending of his braying, or the final sounds thereof; ] (S;) [for] شَهِيقٌ signifies the ending, or final part, of the crying, or braying, of the ass; (S, O;) and to this the cries of the punished in Hell are likened in the Kur xi. 108; (O;) and زَفِيرٌ signifies the “ beginning, or commencing part, thereof: ” (S:) or شهيق signifies the drawing back of the breath; and زفير the “ emitting thereof: ” (Lth, S: [but the reverse is said by Lth and in the S in art. زفر:]) and تَشْهَاقٌ signifies the same as شَهِيقٌ: (S:) or both of these words signify [absolutely] the crying, or braying, of the ass: (O, K:) Zj says that شَهِيقٌ as denoting one of the cries of the afflicted [in Hell] means a very high-sounding moaning: and that, accord. to some, زَفِيرٌ [as used in the Kur ubi suprà] is similar to the beginning of the cry of the ass, termed شَهِيق; and that شَهِيقٌ is in the chest. (TA.) [Said of a man,] شَهَقَ, aor. شَهَقَ and شَهِقَ ; and شَهِقَ, aor. شَهَقَ ; inf. n. شَهِيقٌ and شُهَاقٌ (O, K) and شُهُوقٌ (O) and تَشْهَاقٌ; signify The [ sound of ] weeping became reiterated in his chest: (O, K:) or, as in the L, he reiterated the [ sound of ] weeping in his chest. (TA.) [Or] شَهَقَ, aor. شَهَقَ and شَهِقَ , inf. n. شَهِيقٌ, signifies [or signifies also] He reiterated his breath, making his voice audible, naturally. (Msb.) One says also, شَهَقَ فُلَانٌ شَهْقَةً فَمَاتَ Such a one uttered a single cry and died. (S, TA.) ― -b3- And شَهَقَتْ عَيْنُ النَّاظِرِ عَلَيْهِ (tropical:) The eye of the looker smote him with evil influence: (O, K, TA:) or, was pleased with him, and therefore continued looking at him. (A, TA.)

شَهْقَةٌ ذ A single cry. (S, TA.) [See 1, last sentence but one.]