Syrian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10 — Page 7

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَلَمَّا انْتَقَلَ الرَّسُولُ (ﷺ) إِلَى الرَّفِيقِ الْأَعْلَى بَكَاهُ الشُّعَرَاءُ بُكَاءً حَارّاً.

When the Messenger (ﷺ) passed to the Highest Companion, the poets wept for him intensely.

وَمِنْ أَرَقِّ مَا رُثِيَ بِهِ قَصِيدَةُ حَسَّانَ الَّتِي يَسْتَهِلُّهَا بِقَوْلِهِ: مَا بَالُ عَيْنِي لَا تَنَامُ كَأَنَّمَا كُحِلَتْ مَآقِيهَا بِكُحْلِ الْأَرْمَدِ.

Among the most poignant elegies is Hassan’s poem, which begins: What is the matter with my eyes that they will not sleep, as if their lids were painted with the kohl of the sore-eyed?

وَفِي عَصْرِ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ دَخَلَتِ الدَّوْلَةُ فِي مَرْحَلَةٍ جَدِيدَةٍ اسْتُهِلَّتْ بِحُرُوبِ الرِّدَّةِ، فَكَثُرَتِ الْأَشْعَارُ الْحَمَاسِيَّةُ.

During the era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, the state entered a new phase that began with the Wars of Apostasy, leading to an abundance of martial poetry.

وَفِي أَثْنَاءِ مَرْحَلَةِ الْفُتُوحِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ عَبَّرَ الشُّعَرَاءُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَنْ حَنِينٍ بَالِغٍ إِلَى دِيَارِهِمْ وَأَهْلِيهِمْ وَعَنْ بَلَائِهِمْ فِي الْمَغَازِي.

Throughout the Islamic conquests, Muslim poets expressed intense longing for their homes and families, as well as the trials they faced during their campaigns.

وَيُمْكِنُ أَنْ نَضُمَّ إِلَى هَذِهِ الْأَشْعَارِ شَكْوَى بَعْضِ الْجُنُودِ مِنَ الْوُلَاةِ وَالْعُمَّالِ.

One might also include the complaints some soldiers voiced against their governors and officials.

يُضَافُ إِلَى ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُمْ وَصَفُوا كَثِيراً مِمَّا شَاهَدُوهُ فِي فُتُوحِهِمْ مِنَ الْمَعَاقِلِ وَالْحُصُونِ وَالْحَيَوَانِ كَالْفِيلِ، وَتَحَدَّثُوا عَمَّا نَزَلَ بِهِمْ مِنْ طَوَاعِينَ.

Furthermore, they described much of what they witnessed during their conquests, including strongholds, fortresses, and animals like the elephant, while also recounting the plagues that befell them.

وَهُنَاكَ أَشْيَاءُ لَا بُدَّ أَنْ نُلَاحِظَهَا فِي هَذِهِ الْأَشْعَارِ الْكَثِيرَةِ الَّتِي رُوِيَتْ عَنْهُمْ فِي مَغَازِيهِمْ وَفُتُوحِهِمْ.

There are several observations to be made regarding the many poems narrated about their expeditions and conquests.

وَمِنْ أَهَمِّهَا أَنَّهَا طُبِعَتْ بِطَابِعِ الْآدَابِ الشَّعْبِيَّةِ، وَسَادَهَا الْإِيجَازُ.

Most importantly, these poems bear the mark of popular literature and are defined by their brevity.

فَتَحَوَّلَتِ الْقَصَائِدُ إِلَى مَقْطُوعَاتٍ قَصِيرَةٍ يَجْرِي فِيهَا الشَّاعِرُ عَلَى سَجِيَّتِهِ مِنْ دُونِ تَنْقِيحٍ لِلَّفْظِ أَوْ الْتِمَاسِ وَزْنٍ أَوْ قَافِيَةٍ.

The poems evolved into short fragments in which the poet speaks naturally, without refining the language or adhering to strict meter or rhyme.

وَنَرَى أَنَّ الشَّاعِرَ يَفْخَرُ فِي الْقَصِيدَةِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ فَخْراً جَدِيداً يَذْكُرُ فِيهِ رَبَّهُ وَمَا أَنْعَمَهُ عَلَيْهِ.

In Islamic poetry, we see the poet expressing a new kind of pride, one that acknowledges his Lord and the blessings He has bestowed upon him.

وَبِالْمُجْمَلِ فَقَدْ تَرَكَ الْإِسْلَامُ آثَاراً وَاضِحَةً فِي نُفُوسِ الشُّعَرَاءِ الْمُخَضْرَمِينَ.

In short, Islam left a clear mark on the souls of the veteran poets.

اتَّسَعَتْ فِيهِ رُقْعَةُ الدَّوْلَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ نَتِيجَةَ الْفُتُوحَاتِ الْكَبِيرَةِ، وَانْتَقَلَ الْمُجْتَمَعُ إِلَى حَيَاةِ الِاسْتِقْرَارِ وَمَالَ النَّاسُ إِلَى الدَّعَةِ وَاللَّهْوِ.

The territory of the Arab state expanded as a result of the great conquests, and as society moved toward stability, people gravitated toward comfort and leisure.

وَشَهِدَتْ بِدَايَتُهُ الْكَثِيرَ مِنَ الْقَلَاقِلِ وَالِاضْطِرَابَاتِ وَكَانَ لِتَعَدُّدِ وِجْهَاتِ النَّظَرِ السِّيَاسِيَّةِ وَاخْتِلَافِهَا أَثَرٌ عَمِيقٌ فِي الشِّعْرِ الْأُمَوِيِّ.

The beginning of this era witnessed much unrest and turmoil, and the diversity of conflicting political viewpoints had a profound effect on Umayyad poetry.

فَاتَّصَفَ بِالْعُمْقِ وَالْإِكْثَارِ مِنَ الْحُجَجِ، وَكَانَ لِكُلِّ فَرِيقٍ سِيَاسِيٍّ مَجْمُوعَةُ شُعَرَاءَ يَتَبَنَّوْنَ نَظْرَةَ فَرِيقِهِمْ وَيَذُودُونَ عَنْهَا.

It was characterized by depth and argumentative rigor, with each political faction supported by poets who adopted and defended their group's perspective.

وَمِنْ أَشْهَرِهِمْ: الْأَخْطَلُ وَالْكُمَيْتُ وَعُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الرُّقَيَّاتُ وَالطِّرِمَّاحُ.

Among the most famous of these were Al-Akhtal, Al-Kumayt, Ubayd Allah ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat, and al-Tirimmah.

تَأَثَّرَ الشِّعْرُ الْعَرَبِيُّ فِي الْعَصْرِ الْأُمَوِيِّ بِالْعَوَامِلِ الَّتِي سَبَقَ ذِكْرُهَا، وَظَهَرَتْ بَعْضُ الْعَلَامَاتِ الْفَارِقَةِ الَّتِي مَيَّزَتْ هَذَا الْعَصْرَ.

Arabic poetry in the Umayyad era was influenced by these factors, giving rise to distinctive features that defined the period.

وَمِنْ هَذِهِ الْعَلَامَاتِ (النَّقَائِضُ)، وَالنَّقِيضَةُ قَصِيدَةٌ يَرُدُّ بِهَا شَاعِرٌ عَلَى قَصِيدَةٍ لِخَصْمٍ لَهُ فَيَنْقُضُ مَعَانِيهَا عَلَيْهِ وَيَقْلِبُ فَخْرَ خَصْمِهِ هِجَاءً وَيَنْسُبُ الْفَخْرَ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ.

One such feature is the naqa'id—a poem in which a poet responds to an opponent's work, refuting its themes, turning the opponent’s boast into satire, and claiming that pride for himself.

وَتَكُونُ النَّقِيضَةُ عَادَةً مِنْ بَحْرِ قَصِيدَةِ الْخَصْمِ، وَعَلَى رَوِيِّهَا.

The naqidah usually follows the same meter and rhyme as the opponent's poem.

وَتَجَلَّتْ قِيمَةُ النَّقَائِضِ فِي طُولِهَا وَمَتَانَةِ سَبْكِهَا، وَحِفَاظِهَا عَلَى كَثِيرٍ مِنْ مُفْرَدَاتِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ، وَنَقْلِ صُورَةٍ حَيَّةٍ لِلْوَاقِعِ الِاجْتِمَاعِيِّ السَّائِدِ.

The value of these poems lies in their length, the strength of their composition, their preservation of Arabic vocabulary, and the vivid picture they provide of the prevailing social reality.

وَمِنْ أَشْهَرِ شُعَرَائِهَا الْفَرَزْدَقُ وَجَرِيرٌ وَالْأَخْطَلُ الَّذِينَ يُعَدُّونَ مِنْ أَفْضَلِ شُعَرَاءِ هَذَا الْعَصْرِ.

The most famous poets of this genre are Al-Farazdaq, Jarir, and Al-Akhtal, who are considered the finest poets of the era.

الشَّاعِرُ الْمُخَضْرَمُ هُوَ الشَّاعِرُ الَّذِي أَدْرَكَ عَصْرَ الْإِسْلَامِ وَمَا قَبْلَهُ، أَوْ مَنْ أَدْرَكَ عَهْدَيْنِ.

A veteran poet is one who lived through both the pre-Islamic and Islamic eras, or who spanned two distinct periods.

Vocabulary · المفردات (51 verbs · 124 nouns)

• اِنْتَقَلَ — to move
• بَكَى — to weep
• رَثَى — to mourn
• اسْتَهَلَّ — to begin
• نَامَ — to sleep
• كَحَلَ — to apply kohl
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• كَثُرَ — to be numerous
• عَبَّرَ — to express
• أَمْكَنَ — to be possible
• ضَمَّ — to add
• أَضَافَ — to add
• وَصَفَ — to describe
• شَاهَدَ — to witness
• تَحَدَّثَ — to speak
• نَزَلَ — to descend
• لَاحَظَ — to observe
• رَوَى — to narrate
• طَبَعَ — to imprint
• سَادَ — to prevail
• تَحَوَّلَ — to transform
• جَرَى — to flow
• رَأَى — to see
• فَخَرَ — to boast
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• أَنْعَمَ — to bestow
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• اتَّسَعَ — to expand
• مَالَ — to incline
• شَهِدَ — to witness
• اتَّصَفَ — to be characterized
• تَبَنَّى — to adopt
• ذَادَ — to defend
• تَأَثَّرَ — to be influenced
• سَبَقَ — to precede
• ظَهَرَ — to appear
• مَيَّزَ — to distinguish
• رَدَّ — to reply
• نَقَضَ — to invalidate
• قَلَبَ — to flip
• نَسَبَ — to attribute
• خَفَّ — to be light
• رَاحَ — to go
• بَكَرَ — to go early
• سَقَى — to water
• أَزْعَجَ — to disturb
• هَاجَ — to stir
• نَفَعَ — to benefit
• تَجَلَّى — to manifest
• اسْتَخْدَمَ — to use
• أَدْرَكَ — to realize
• رَسُول — messenger
• رَفِيق — companion
• شَاعِر — poet
• بُكَاء — weeping
• حَارّ — hot
• أَرَقّ — most delicate
• قَصِيدَة — poem
• قَوْل — saying, statement, utterance
• بَال — state
• عَيْن — eye
• مَأْقِي — corner of the eye
• كُحْل — kohl
• أَرْمَد — suffering from ophthalmia
• عَصْر — era
• خَلِيفَة — caliph
• رَاشِد — rightly-guided
• دَوْلَة — state
• مَرْحَلَة — stage
• جَدِيد — new
• حَرْب — war
• رِدَّة — apostasy
• شِعْر — poetry
• حَمَاسِيّ — enthusiastic
• فُتُوح — conquests
• إِسْلَامِيّ — Islamic
• حَنِين — longing
• بَالِغ — intense
• دَار — home
• أَهْل — family
• بَلَاء — hardship
• مَغْزَاة — expedition
• شَكْوَى — complaint
• جُنْدِيّ — soldier
• وَالِي — governor
• عَامِل — worker
• مَعْقِل — stronghold
• حِصْن — fortress
• حَيَوَان — animal
• فِيل — elephant
• طَاعُون — plague
• شَيْء — thing
• كَثِير — many
• طَابِع — character
• أَدَب — literature
• شَعْبِيّ — popular
• إِيجَاز — brevity
• مَقْطُوعَة — fragment
• قَصِير — short
• سَجِيَّة — nature
• تَنْقِيح — revision
• لَفْظ — wording
• الْتِمَاس — seeking
• وَزْن — meter
• قَافِيَة — rhyme
• فَخْر — boasting
• رَبّ — Lord
• مُجْمَل — summary
• أَثَر — effect
• وَاضِح — clear
• نَفْس — soul / psyche
• مُخَضْرَم — veteran
• أُمَوِيّ — Umayyad
• رُقْعَة — territory
• عَرَبِيّ — Arab
• نَتِيجَة — result
• فَتْح — conquest
• كَبِير — large
• مُجْتَمَع — society
• حَيَاة — life
• اسْتِقْرَار — stability
• نَاس — people
• دَعَة — ease
• لَهْو — amusement
• بِدَايَة — beginning
• قَلَق — unrest
• اضْطِرَاب — disturbance
• تَعَدُّد — multiplicity
• وِجْهَة — point of view
• نَظَر — view
• سِيَاسِيّ — political
• اخْتِلَاف — difference
• عَمِيق — deep
• عُمْق — depth
• إِكْثَار — abundance
• حُجَّة — argument
• فَرِيق — group
• مَجْمُوعَة — collection
• نَظْرَة — perspective
• أَبْرَز — most prominent
• عَلَم — figure
• عَلَامَة — sign
• فَارِق — distinctive
• نَقِيضَة — poem of refutation
• خَصْم — opponent
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• هِجَاء — satire
• عَادَة — habit
• بَحْر — meter, sea
• رَوِيّ — rhyme letter
• قَطِين — group of people
• أَطْلَال — ruins
• مَطَر — rain
• نَوَى — departure
• صَرْف — change
• غِيَر — changes
• شَوْق — longing
• ذِكْر — remembrance
• قِيمَة — value
• طُول — length
• مَتَانَة — sturdiness
• سَبْك — crafting
• حِفَاظ — preservation
• مُفْرَدَة — vocabulary
• نَقْل — transfer
• صُورَة — picture
• حَيّ — vivid
• وَاقِع — reality
• اجْتِمَاعِيّ — social
• سَائِد — prevailing
• فَنّ — art
• رَجَز — rajaz (a poetic meter)
• عَهْد — era
• أَشْهَر — more famous
• أَفْضَل — best