Syrian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10 — Page 6

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

بِالصِّدْقِ وَمَتَانَةِ الصِّيَاغَةِ وَقُوَّةِ التَّرَاكِيبِ الثَّرِيَّةِ بِالْمَدْلُولَاتِ الَّتِي تُعَبِّرُ عَنْهَا؛

(from previous page) ⟵ The characteristics of pre-Islamic poetry show that the meanings of poetry in this era are clear, compared to the era in which they were said, and pre-Islamic poets did not present their sensory meanings as rigid, but rather spread movement in them and instilled a lot of vitality in them, and their meanings were characterized by sincerity, solid phrasing, and the strength of rich structures with the connotations they express.

فَالْأَلْفَاظُ تُوضَعُ فِي مَكَانِهَا، وَالْعِبَارَاتُ تُؤَدِّي مَعَانِيهَا مِنْ دُونِ اضْطِرَابٍ، وَلَعَلَّنَا نَلْمِسُ قُدْرَةَ الشُّعَرَاءِ عَلَى تَوْظِيفِ الْمُحَسِّنَاتِ اللَّفْظِيَّةِ وَالْمَعْنَوِيَّةِ وَالصُّوَرِ الْبَلَاغِيَّةِ لِلتَّأْثِيرِ فِي الْمُتَلَقِّينَ. ٢.

Words are placed in their proper positions, and phrases convey their meaning clearly. We can observe the poets' ability to employ verbal and semantic embellishments, along with rhetorical imagery, to influence their audience.

٢. عَصْرُ صَدْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ جَاءَ الْإِسْلَامُ سُلُوكاً خُلُقِيّاً قَوِيماً يَدْعُو إِلَى طَهَارَةِ النَّفْسِ وَنَبْذِ الْفَوَاحِشِ وَالرَّذَائِلِ، وَرَاحَ يَرْتَقِي بِعَقْلِ الْإِنْسَانِ، كَمَا أَنَّهُ مَضَى يَعْتَدُّ بِحُرِّيَّةِ الْإِنْسَانِ وَكَرَامَتِهِ.

2. The Era of the Dawn of Islam: Islam emerged as a righteous moral code that called for purity of soul and the rejection of indecency and vice, while elevating the human mind and upholding human freedom and dignity.

وَيُعَدُّ الْقُرْآنُ الْكَرِيمُ مَفْخَرَةَ الْعَرَبِ فِي لُغَتِهِمْ، وَمِنْ آثَارِهِ أَنَّهُ هَذَّبَ اللُّغَةَ مِنَ الْحُوشِيَّةِ وَمِنَ اللَّفْظِ الْغَرِيبِ، فَأَقَامَهَا فِي هَذَا الْأُسْلُوبِ الْمُعْجِزِ مِنَ الْبَيَانِ وَالْبَلَاغَةِ، فَتَجِدُ رَوْعَةَ الْأُسْلُوبِ دَائِماً تَتَجَلَّى فِي جَزَالَتِهِ وَعُذُوبَتِهِ وَنَصَاعَتِهِ مَعَ دِقَّةِ الْعِبَارَاتِ وَاسْتِيفَائِهَا مَعَانِيهَا، وَحُسْنِ وَقْعِ الْأَلْفَاظِ فِي الْآذَانِ وَجَرَيَانِهَا عَلَى الْأَلْسُنِ، وَهَذَا الْأُسْلُوبُ هُوَ الَّذِي أَثَّرَ فِي الشُّعَرَاءِ وَالْخُطَبَاءِ عَلَى مَرِّ الْعُصُورِ.

The Holy Quran is the pride of the Arabs in their language. It refined the tongue by removing coarseness and obscure vocabulary, establishing a miraculous standard of eloquence and rhetoric. You will find the splendor of this style consistently manifested in its robustness, sweetness, and clarity, combined with precise phrasing, profound meaning, and a pleasing, natural flow. This is the style that influenced poets and orators throughout the ages.

وَتَزْخَرُ كُتُبُ الْأَدَبِ وَالتَّارِيخِ بِمَا نُظِمَ مِنْ أَشْعَارٍ فِي صَدْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَهِيَ أَشْعَارٌ كَثِيرَةٌ نَلْقَاهَا فِي كُلِّ مَا يُصَادِفُنَا مِنْ أَحْدَاثِ الْعَصْرِ، فَلَيْسَ هُنَاكَ حَدَثٌ كَبِيرٌ إِلَّا وَوَاكَبَهُ الشِّعْرُ وَرَافَقَهُ، وَكَانَتْ دَعْوَةُ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ أَكْبَرَ الْأَحْدَاثِ، وَمَضَى كَثِيرُونَ يَنْظِمُونَ فِي هَذَا الْعَصْرِ مُسْتَضِيئِينَ إِلَى حَدٍّ كَبِيرٍ بِالْإِسْلَامِ وَهَدْيِهِ الْكَرِيمِ، فَالشِّعْرُ لَمْ يَتَوَقَّفْ وَلَمْ يَتَخَلَّفْ فِي هَذَا الْعَصْرِ، وَهَذَا طَبِيعِيٌّ لِأَنَّ مَنْ عَاشُوا فِيهِ كَانُوا يَعِيشُونَ فِيمَا قَبْلَهُ، وَلَمَّا دَخَلُوا الْإِسْلَامَ ظَلُّوا يَنْظِمُونَهُ، وَالْأَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّسُولَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) اتَّخَذَهُ سِلَاحاً مَاضِياً وَجَّهَهُ لِخُصُومِهِ مِنْ مُشْرِكِي قُرَيْشٍ وَأَعْدَاءِ رِسَالَتِهِ، فَالْإِسْلَامُ لَمْ يُثَبِّطْ عَنِ الشِّعْرِ إِلَّا حِينَ وَقَفَ مُعَارِضاً لِدَعْوَتِهِ.

Literature and history books abound with poetry from the dawn of Islam. These poems appear in every major event of the era; no significant occurrence passed without poetry keeping pace with it. The call of the Messenger (peace be upon him) to Islam was the greatest of these events. Many poets of the time drew inspiration from Islam and its noble guidance. Poetry did not cease or decline during this period, which is natural, as those who lived through the transition continued to compose as they had before. Furthermore, the Messenger (peace be upon him) used poetry as a sharp weapon against his opponents among the Quraish polytheists and the enemies of his message. Islam only discouraged poetry when it was used to oppose its mission.

أَمَّا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ كَانَ يَرْتَضِيهِ وَيَسْتَحْسِنُهُ، وَرَاحَ الْخُلَفَاءُ الرَّاشِدُونَ مُهْتَدِينَ بِهَدْيِ الْإِسْلَامِ الْحَنِيفِ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْهِجَاءِ وَيُعَاقِبُونَ عَلَيْهِ. •

Afterward, he approved of and encouraged it, and the Rightly Guided Caliphs, following the guidance of the true faith, began to forbid and punish satire.

• الشِّعْرُ فِي صَدْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَبْرَزُ أَعْلَامِهِ بَعْدَ الْهِجْرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ مِنَ مَكَّةَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَقَفَ الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَمَنْ هَاجَرَ مَعَهُ وَمَنِ الْتَفَّ حَوْلَهُ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ فِي جَانِبٍ، وَالْمُشْرِكُونَ فِي جَانِبٍ آخَرَ، وَمَا إِنْ بَدَأَتِ الْحَرْبُ حَتَّى أَخَذَ الشُّعَرَاءُ فِي الْجَانِبَيْنِ الْمُتَنَاقِضَيْنِ يَسُلُّونَ أَلْسِنَتَهُمْ، وَفِي هَذِهِ الْمَرْحَلَةِ لَمَعَتْ أَسْمَاءُ شُعَرَاءَ كَثِيرِينَ، مِنْهُمْ: أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزِّبَعْرَى وَضِرَارُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ الْفِهْرِيُّ الَّذِينَ أَخَذُوا يُسَدِّدُونَ سِهَامَ أَشْعَارِهِمْ إِلَى الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَأَصْحَابِهِ.

• Poetry in the Dawn of Islam and its Most Prominent Figures: After the Prophetic migration from Mecca to Medina, the Messenger (peace be upon him), his fellow migrants, and those who gathered around him in Medina stood on one side, while the polytheists stood on the other. No sooner had the conflict begun than poets on both sides unsheathed their tongues. During this phase, many poets rose to prominence, including Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith, Abdullah ibn al-Ziba'ra, and Dirar ibn al-Khattab al-Fihri, who aimed the arrows of their poetry at the Messenger (peace be upon him) and his companions.

عَلَى حِينِ وَقَفَ فِي الطَّرَفِ الْمُقَابِلِ حَسَّانُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ وَكَعْبُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ رَوَاحَةَ يُدَافِعُونَ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَرَسُولِهِ، وَهَا هُوَ ذَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ رَوَاحَةَ يَقِفُ مُدَافِعاً عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَالرَّسُولِ الْكَرِيمِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فَيَقُولُ: وَعَدْنَا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ بَدْراً فَلَمْ نَجِدْ لِمِيعَادِهِ صِدْقاً، وَمَا كَانَ وَافِيا فَإِنِّي، وَإِنْ عَنَّفْتُمُونِي لَقَائِلٌ فِدًى لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ أَهْلِي وَمَالِيا

On the opposite side, Hassan ibn Thabit, Ka'b ibn Malik, and Abdullah ibn Rawahah stood in defense of Islam and its Messenger. Here is Abdullah ibn Rawahah defending the faith and the noble Messenger (peace be upon him), saying: We promised Abu Sufyan a meeting at Badr, but we found his word to be false and unfulfilled. So, even if you rebuke me, I declare: May my family and wealth be a ransom for the Messenger of Allah.

وَبَعْدَ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ أَخَذَتْ وُفُودُ الْقَبَائِلِ تَفِدُ عَلَى الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) مُعْلِنَةً اعْتِنَاقَهَا الدِّينَ الْحَنِيفَ، وَفِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ نَجِدُ كَثِيراً مِنَ الشُّعَرَاءِ وَعَلَى رَأْسِهِمْ شُعَرَاءُ قُرَيْشٍ يَفْزَعُونَ إِلَى سَاحَةِ الرَّسُولِ الْكَرِيمِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ) يَطْلُبُونَ عَفْوَهُ، مِنْ مِثْلِ: كَعْبِ بْنِ زُهَيْرٍ وَأَبِي سُفْيَانَ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ، فَمَدَحُوا الرَّسُولَ وَهَدْيَهُ، وَرَثَوْا قَتْلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ،

After the conquest of Mecca, delegations from the tribes began to arrive before the Messenger (peace be upon him), declaring their embrace of the true religion. During this time, we find many poets, led by the poets of Quraish, seeking refuge with the noble Messenger (peace be upon him), asking for his forgiveness, such as Ka'b ibn Zuhayr and Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith. They praised the Messenger and his guidance, and mourned the Muslim martyrs. When the Messenger (peace be upon him) passed on to the Highest Companion, the poets wept for him with fervent tears. ⟶ (sentence continues on next page)

Vocabulary · المفردات (57 verbs · 113 nouns)

• عَبَّرَ — to express
• وَضَعَ — to place
• أَدَّى — to perform
• لَمَسَ — to touch
• جَاءَ — to come
• دَعَا — to call
• رَاحَ — to begin
• ارْتَقَى — to ascend
• مَضَى — to proceed
• اعْتَدَّ — to rely
• عَدَّ — to count
• هَذَّبَ — to refine
• أَقَامَ — to establish
• وَجَدَ — to find
• تَجَلَّى — to manifest
• أَثَّرَ — to influence
• زَخَرَ — to teem
• نَظَمَ — to compose
• لَقِيَ — to meet
• صَادَفَ — to encounter
• وَاكَبَ — to accompany
• رَافَقَ — to accompany
• اسْتَضَاءَ — to be illuminated
• تَوَقَّفَ — to stop
• تَخَلَّفَ — to lag behind
• عَاشَ — to live
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• ظَلَّ — to remain
• اتَّخَذَ — to take
• وَجَّهَ — to direct
• ثَبَّطَ — to discourage
• وَقَفَ — to stand
• ارْتَضَى — to approve
• اسْتَحْسَنَ — to deem good
• اهْتَدَى — to be guided
• نَهَى — to forbid
• عَاقَبَ — to punish
• هَاجَرَ — to emigrate
• الْتَفَّ — to gather
• بَدَأَ — to begin
• أَخَذَ — to take
• سَلَّ — to draw
• لَمَعَ — to shine
• سَدَّدَ — to aim
• دَافَعَ — to defend
• قَالَ — to say
• وَعَدَ — to promise
• عَنَّفَ — to rebuke
• فَدَى — to ransom
• فَتَحَ — to open
• وَفَدَ — to arrive
• أَعْلَنَ — to announce
• اعْتَنَقَ — to embrace
• فَزِعَ — to flee
• طَلَبَ — to request
• مَدَحَ — to praise
• رَثَى — to mourn
• صِدْق — honesty
• مَتَانَة — sturdiness
• صِيَاغَة — formulation
• قُوَّة — strength
• تَرْكِيب — structure
• مَدْلُول — significance
• لَفْظ — word
• مَكَان — place, location, site
• عِبَارَة — phrase
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• اضْطِرَاب — disturbance
• قُدْرَة — ability
• شَاعِر — poet
• تَوْظِيف — employment
• مُحَسِّن — enhancer
• لَفْظِيّ — verbal
• مَعْنَوِيّ — semantic
• صُورَة — copy, image
• بَلَاغِيّ — rhetorical
• تَأْثِير — influence
• مُتَلَقٍّ — recipient
• عَصْر — era
• صَدْر — beginning
• إِسْلَام — Islam
• سُلُوك — behavior
• خُلُقِيّ — moral
• قَوِيم — upright
• طَهَارَة — purity
• نَفْس — soul / psyche
• نَبْذ — rejection
• فَاحِشَة — indecency
• رَذِيلَة — vice
• عَقْل — mind
• إِنْسَان — human
• حُرِّيَّة — freedom
• كَرَامَة — dignity
• قُرْآن — Quran
• كَرِيم — noble
• مَفْخَرَة — source of pride
• عَرَبِيّ — Arab
• لُغَة — language
• أَثَر — effect
• حُوشِيَّة — archaic language
• غَرِيب — foreign / strange
• أُسْلُوب — style
• مُعْجِز — miraculous (adjective)
• بَيَان — eloquence
• بَلَاغَة — eloquence, rhetoric
• رَوْعَة — splendor
• جَزَالَة — robustness
• عُذُوبَة — sweetness
• نَصَاعَة — purity, clarity (of color)
• دِقَّة — precision
• اسْتِيفَاء — fulfillment
• حُسْن — goodness
• وَقْع — impact
• أُذُن — ear
• جَرَيَان — flow
• لِسَان — tongue
• خَطِيب — (male) orator
• مَرّ — passage
• كِتَاب — book
• أَدَب — literature
• تَارِيخ — history
• شِعْر — poetry
• كَثِير — many
• حَدَث — event
• كَبِير — big
• دَعْوَة — call
• رَسُول — messenger
• طَبِيعِيّ — natural
• سِلَاح — arm / weapon
• مَاضٍ — sharp
• خَصْم — opponent
• مُشْرِك — polytheist
• رِسَالَة — message
• مُعَارِض — opposing
• خَلِيفَة — caliph
• رَاشِد — rightly-guided
• حَنِيف — orthodox
• هِجَاء — satire
• عَلَم — prominent figure
• هِجْرَة — migration
• نَبَوِيّ — prophetic
• جَانِب — side
• آخَر — other
• حَرْب — war
• مَرْحَلَة — stage
• اسْم — name
• سَهْم — arrow
• أَصْحَاب — companions
• طَرَف — side
• مُقَابِل — opposite
• مُدَافِع — defender
• مِيعَاد — appointment
• وَافٍ — faithful
• فِدَاء — ransom
• أَهْل — family
• مَال — wealth
• فَتْح — conquest
• وَفْد — delegation
• قَبِيلَة — tribe
• دِين — religion
• أَثْنَاء — during
• رَأْس — head
• سَاحَة — courtyard
• عَفْو — pardon
• مِثْل — like
• قَتِيل — slain
• مُسْلِم — Muslim
• أَكْثَر — more
• أَكْبَر — bigger
• أَبْرَز — most prominent