Syrian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10 — Page 8

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

صِنَاعَةٌ لُغَوِيَّةٌ تَتَنَاوَلُ الْأَغْرَاضَ كُلَّهَا، وَتُجَاوِزُ ذَلِكَ لِيُعَبِّرَ عَنْ غَرَائِبِ اللُّغَةِ، وَبَرَزَ مِنْ أَعْلَامِهِ فِي هَذَا الْعَصْرِ الْعَجَّاجُ وَرُؤْبَةُ وَالشَّمَّاخُ وَغَيْرُهُمْ.

This is a linguistic craft that addresses all themes and goes further to express the rarities of the language; prominent figures of this era included Al-Ajjaj, Ru'bah, Al-Shammak, and others.

وَاشْتَهَرَ مِنْ شُعَرَاءِ هَذَا الْعَصْرِ الْقَطَامِيُّ الَّذِي امْتَازَ شِعْرُهُ بِحَلَاوَةِ الْأَلْفَاظِ وَعُذُوبَةِ الْمُوسِيقَا وَجَوْدَةِ الْمَطَالِعِ، كَمَا يَتَجَلَّى ذَلِكَ فِي قَوْلِهِ: إِنَّا مَحَتُوكَ فَاسْلَمْ أَيُّهَا الطَّلَلُ، وَإِنْ بُلِيتَ وَإِنْ طَالَتْ بِكَ الطِّيَلُ.

Among the poets of this era, Al-Qutami became famous for poetry distinguished by the sweetness of his phrasing, melodic quality, and excellent openings, as seen in his lines: 'We have greeted you, so be safe, O ruins, even if you have worn out and even if long ages have passed over you.'

ثُمَّ يَبُثُّ بَعْضَ نَظَرَاتِهِ فِي الْحَيَاةِ، فَيَقُولُ: وَالْعَيْشُ لَا عَيْشَ إِلَّا مَا تَقَرُّ بِهِ عَيْنٌ وَلَا حَالٌ إِلَّا سَوْفَ تَنْتَقِلُ، قَدْ يُدْرِكُ الْمُتَأَنِّي بَعْضَ حَاجَتِهِ، وَقَدْ يَكُونُ مَعَ الْمُسْتَعْجِلِ الزَّلَلُ.

He then shares his views on life, saying: 'Life is no life except that which brings comfort to the eye, and no state exists but that it will change; the deliberate person may attain some of his needs, while the hasty person may encounter error.'

وَكَذَلِكَ ذُو الرُّمَّةِ الْمَشْهُورُ بِحُبِّ مَيَّةَ، وَفِي شِعْرِهِ ذِكْرٌ كَثِيرٌ لَهَا، وَحُبٌّ عَفِيفٌ كُلُّهُ أَنِينٌ وَزَفَرَاتٌ وَدُمُوعٌ كَقَوْلِهِ: وَقَفْتُ عَلَى رَبْعٍ لِمَيَّةَ نَاقَتِي، وَأَسْقِيهِ حَتَّى كَادَ مِمَّا أَبُثُّهُ، فَمَا زِلْتُ أَبْكِي عِنْدَهُ وَأُخَاطِبُهُ، تُكَلِّمُنِي أَحْجَارُهُ وَمَلَاعِبُهُ.

Likewise, Dhu al-Rummah is famous for his love of Mayyah, frequently mentioned in his poetry—a chaste love filled with moaning, sighs, and tears, as in his lines: 'I stopped my she-camel at the ruins of Mayyah, and I watered them with my tears until, from what I poured out, the stones and playgrounds seemed to speak to me; I kept weeping by them and addressing them.'

وَمِنَ الْجَدِيرِ بِالذِّكْرِ تَنَوُّعُ الْأَدَبِ بَيْنَ الشِّعْرِ وَالْخَطَابَةِ وَالتَّرَسُّلِ، ثُمَّ الرِّوَايَةُ الَّتِي أَدَّتْ إِلَى التَّأْلِيفِ.

Literature diversified into poetry, oratory, and epistolary writing, followed by the narrative tradition that led to formal authorship.

وَبَرَزَتْ أَسْمَاءٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فِي هَذِهِ الْفُنُونِ، فَمِنْ أَبْرَزِ أَعْلَامِ الْخَطَابَةِ زِيَادُ بْنُ أَبِيهِ، وَسَحْبَانُ وَائِلٍ، وَالْأَحْنَفُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَالْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ، وَمِنَ الْكُتَّابِ سَالِمٌ مَوْلَى هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ وَعَبْدُ الْحَمِيدِ الْكَاتِبُ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ السَّائِبِ الْكَلْبِيُّ، وَابْنُ إِسْحَقَ وَغَيْرُهُمْ.

Many names emerged in these arts; among the most prominent orators were Ziyad ibn Abihi, Sahban Wa'il, Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, and Al-Hasan al-Basri, while notable writers included Salim, the freedman of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, Muhammad ibn al-Sa'ib al-Kalbi, Ibn Ishaq, and others.

الِاسْتِيعَابُ وَالْفَهْمُ وَالتَّحْلِيلُ.

Comprehension, Understanding, and Analysis.

١. نَظِّمْ مُخَطَّطاً تَفْصِيلِيّاً لِتَسَلْسُلِ الْعُصُورِ الْأَدَبِيَّةِ، مُسْتَعِيناً بِمَا وَرَدَ فِي النَّصِّ.

1. Organize a detailed outline of the sequence of literary eras, using information from the text.

٢. مَا أَبْرَزُ الْعَوَامِلِ الَّتِي أَسْهَمَتْ فِي رَسْمِ صُوَرٍ وَاضِحَةٍ لِلْقَصِيدَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ؟

2. What are the most prominent factors that contributed to shaping the clear imagery of the Arabic poem?

٣. مَا الدَّوْرُ الَّذِي أَدَّاهُ الشَّاعِرُ فِي عَصْرِ مَا قَبْلَ الْإِسْلَامِ؟

3. What role did the poet play in the pre-Islamic era?

٤. لِلْقُرْآنِ الْكَرِيمِ أَثَرٌ كَبِيرٌ فِي اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ.

4. The Holy Quran has had a profound impact on the Arabic language.

وَضِّحْ ذَلِكَ.

Explain this.

٥. عَرِّفِ النَّقَائِضَ، وَبَيِّنْ قِيمَتَهَا، وَاذْكُرْ أَبْرَزَ شُعَرَائِهَا.

5. Define the Naqa'id (poetic contests), explain their significance, and mention their most prominent poets.

مِنْ فَهْمِكَ النَّصَّ، وَضِّحْ مَا يَأْتِي:

Based on your understanding of the text, clarify the following:

أَسْبَابَ تَبَنِّي الْمُجْتَمَعِ الْعَرَبِيِّ مَجْمُوعَةً مِنَ الْعَادَاتِ وَالتَّقَالِيدِ.

The reasons Arab society adopted a specific set of customs and traditions.

تَعُدُّ الْمُعَلَّقَاتِ مِعْيَاراً لِلشِّعْرِ الْجَمِيلِ.

Why the Mu'allaqat are considered a standard for beautiful poetry.

أَسْبَابَ تَسْمِيَةِ فِئَةٍ مِنَ الشُّعَرَاءِ الصَّعَالِيكَ.

The reasons for labeling a group of poets as 'Sa'alik' (outcasts).

عَوَامِلَ بُرُوزِ شِعْرِ الْحَمَاسَةِ فِي عَصْرِ صَدْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ.

The factors behind the emergence of Hamasa (heroic) poetry in the early Islamic era.

النَّشَاطُ التَّحْضِيرِيُّ.

Preparatory Activity.

* اسْتَعِنْ بِمَصَادِرِ التَّعَلُّمِ فِي تَعَرُّفِ خَصَائِصِ قَصِيدَةِ الِاعْتِذَارِ تَمْهِيداً لِلدَّرْسِ الْقَادِمِ.

* Use learning resources to identify the characteristics of the apology poem in preparation for the next lesson.

Vocabulary · المفردات (34 verbs · 88 nouns)

• تَنَاوَلَ — to deal with
• تَجَاوَزَ — to exceed
• عَبَّرَ — to express
• بَرَزَ — to emerge
• اشْتَهَرَ — to be famous
• امْتَازَ — to distinguish
• تَجَلَّى — to manifest
• سَلِمَ — to be safe
• بَلِيَ — to wear out
• طَالَ — to be long
• بَثَّ — to broadcast
• قَرَّ — to settle
• انْتَقَلَ — to move
• أَدْرَكَ — to realize
• كَانَ — to be
• وَقَفَ — to stand
• سَقَى — to water
• كَادَ — to be on the verge of
• زَالَ — to cease
• بَكَى — to cry
• خَاطَبَ — to address
• تَكَلَّمَ — to speak
• أَدَّى — to perform
• نَظَّمَ — to organize
• وَرَدَ — to arrive
• أَسْهَمَ — to contribute
• وَضَّحَ — to clarify
• عَرَّفَ — to define
• بَيَّنَ — to explain
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• تَبَنَّى — to adopt
• عَدَّ — to count
• اسْتَعَانَ — to seek help
• تَعَرَّفَ — to recognize
• صِنَاعَةٌ — industry
• لُغَوِيَّةٌ — linguistics (field of study); linguistic (feminine adjective)
• غَرَضٌ — aim, purpose
• لُغَةٌ — language
• عَصْرٌ — era
• شَاعِرٌ — poet
• شِعْرٌ — poetry
• حَلَاوَةٌ — sweetness
• لَفْظٌ — word
• عُذُوبَةٌ — sweetness
• مُوسِيقَا — music
• جَوْدَةٌ — quality
• مَطْلَعٌ — opening
• طَلَلٌ — ruin
• طِيلٌ — duration
• نَظَرَةٌ — look
• حَيَاةٌ — life
• عَيْشٌ — living
• عَيْنٌ — eye
• حَالٌ — state
• مُتَأَنٍّ — deliberate person
• حَاجَةٌ — need
• مُسْتَعْجِلٌ — hasty
• زَلَلٌ — error
• حُبٌّ — love
• ذِكْرٌ — mention
• كَثِيرٌ — much
• عَفِيفٌ — chaste
• أَنِينٌ — moaning
• زَفْرَةٌ — sigh
• دَمْعَةٌ — tear
• رَبْعٌ — abode
• نَاقَةٌ — female camel
• حَجَرٌ — stone
• مَلْعَبٌ — playground
• خَطَابَةٌ — oratory
• تَرَسُّلٌ — epistolary style
• رِوَايَةٌ — novel
• تَأْلِيفٌ — authorship
• اسْمٌ — name
• فَنٌّ — art
• كِتَابٌ — writer
• اسْتِيعَابٌ — the comprehension of a thing, its eradication
• فَهْمٌ — understanding
• تَحْلِيلٌ — analysis
• مُخَطَّطٌ — plan
• تَفْصِيلٌ — detail
• تَسَلْسُلٌ — sequence
• أَدَبِيٌّ — literary
• نَصٌّ — text
• عَامِلٌ — factor
• رَسْمٌ — drawing
• صُورَةٌ — copy, image
• قَصِيدَةٌ — poem
• عَرَبِيٌّ — Arabic (adjective)
• دَوْرٌ — role
• قُرْآنٌ — Quran
• كَرِيمٌ — noble
• أَثَرٌ — impact
• كَبِيرٌ — Great Mosque
• نَقِيضَةٌ — satire
• قِيمَةٌ — value
• مُجْتَمَعٌ — society
• عَادَةٌ — habit
• تَقْلِيدٌ — tradition
• مُعَلَّقَةٌ — ode
• مِعْيَارٌ — standard
• جَمِيلٌ — beautiful
• فِئَةٌ — group
• صُعْلُوكٌ — outlaw
• حَمَاسَةٌ — enthusiasm
• صَدْرٌ — beginning
• إِسْلَامٌ — Islam
• نَشَاطٌ — activity
• تَحْضِيرِيٌّ — preparatory
• مَصْدَرٌ — source
• تَعَلُّمٌ — learning
• خَصِيصَةٌ — characteristic
• اعْتِذَارٌ — apology
• تَمْهِيدٌ — introduction
• دَرْسٌ — lesson
• قَادِمٌ — next
• مَشْهُور — famous
• وَاضِحَة — clear, obvious (adjective)
• قَوْل — saying, statement, utterance
• جَدِير — worthy
• غَرَائِب — oddities, strange things, curiosities
• تَسْمِيَة — designation