Sharh Qatr an-Nada by Ibn Hisham (شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى) — Page 533

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

التَّعَجُّبُ وَهُوَ خَالٍ مِنَ الضَّمِيرِ ، وَأَصْلُ قَوْلِكَ : ( أَحْسِنْ بِزَيْدٍ ، أَحْسَنَ زَيْدٌ : أَى صَارَ ذَا حُسْنٍ ، كَمَا قَالُوا : أَوْرَقَ الشَّجَرُ ، وَأَزْهَرَ الْبُسْتَانُ ، وَأَثْرَى فُلَانٌ ، وَأَتْرَبَ زَيْدٌ ، وَأَغَدَّ الْبَعِيرُ ) ، بِمَعْنَى صَارَ ذَا وَرَقٍ ، وَذَا زَهْرٍ ، وَذَا ثَرْوَةٍ ، وَذَا مَتْرَبَةٍ - أَى فَقْرٍ وَفَاقَةٍ - وَذَا غُدَّةٍ ) ، فَضُمِّنَ مَعْنَى التَّعَجُّبِ ، وَحُوِّلَتْ صِيغَتُهُ إِلَى صِيغَةِ أَفْعِلْ - بِكَسْرِ الْعَيْنِ - فَصَارَ : أَحْسِنْ زَيْدٌ ، فَاسْتُقْبِحَ اللَّفْظُ بِالِاسْمِ الْمَرْفُوعِ بَعْدَ صِيغَةِ فِعْلِ الْأَمْرِ ، فَزِيدَتِ الْبَاءُ لِإِصْلَاحِ اللَّفْظِ ، فَصَارَ : أَحْسِنْ بِزَيْدٍ ، عَلَى صِيغَةِ امْرُرْ بِزَيْدٍ ، فَهَذِهِ الْبَاءُ تُشْبِهُ الْبَاءَ فِي ( كَفَى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً ) فِي أَنَّهَا زِيدَتْ فِي الْفَاعِلِ ، وَلَكِنَّهَا تُخَالِفُهَ�� مِنْ جِهَةِ أَنَّهَا لَازِمَةٌ وَتِلْكَ جَائِزَةُ الْحَذْفِ ، قَالَ سُحَيْمُ : عُمَيْرَةَ وَدْعْ إِنْ تَجَهَّزْتَ غَازِيَا ... كَفَى الشَّيْبُ وَالْإِسْلَامُ لِلْمَرْءِ نَاهِيَا

The form for expressing wonderment, when devoid of a pronoun, originates from the phrase: 'Ahsana Zayd' (Zayd became good). This follows the pattern of expressions like 'awraqa al-shajar' (the tree grew leaves), 'azhara al-bustanu' (the garden blossomed), 'athra fulan' (so-and-so grew wealthy), 'atraba Zayd' (Zayd became poor), and 'aghadda al-ba'iru' (the camel contracted gland disease). These imply becoming possessors of leaves, flowers, wealth, poverty—meaning destitution—or the disease. To convey wonderment, the verb was transformed into the 'Af'il' form with a kasra on the middle letter, resulting in 'Ahsin Zayd'. Because placing a nominative noun after an imperative form sounded awkward, a 'ba' was added to smooth the phrasing, yielding 'Ahsin bi-Zayd', modeled after 'Imrur bi-Zayd'. This 'ba' is similar to the one in 'Kafa bi-Allahi shahidan' (God suffices as a witness) in that it is added to the subject, though it differs in being mandatory, whereas the other is optional. Suhaym wrote: 'O Umayra, leave me if you are set to raid; gray hair and Islam suffice as a man's restrainer.'

الْغُدَّةُ : بِضَمِّ الْغَيْنِ وَتَشْدِيدِ الدَّالِ مَفْتُوحَةً - طَاعُونٌ يُصِيبُ الْإِبِلَ فَتَنْشَأُ مِنْهُ ثَآلِيلُ ( خَرَاجٌ ) وَتَقُولُ : أَغَدَّ الْبَعِيرُ فَهُوَ مُغِدٌّ ، وَأَغَدَّ الْقَوْمُ : أَى أَصَابَتْ إِبِلَهُمُ الْغُدَّةُ

Al-ghudda, pronounced with a damma on the ghayn and a stressed, open dal, refers to a plague affecting camels that causes warts or abscesses. You say 'aghadda al-ba'iru' to describe an afflicted camel, and 'aghadda al-qawmu' when a group's camels have been struck by the disease.

إِنَّمَا يَجِبُ وُقُوعُ فَاعِلِ أَفْعِلْ مَجْرُوراً بِالْبَاءِ الزَّائِدَةِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنِ الْفَاعِلُ اسْماً مُؤَوَّلاً مِنْ أَنْ وَالْمُضَارِعِ أَوْ مِنْ أَنْ الْمُشَدَّدَةِ وَاسْمِهَا وَخَبَرِهَا ، مِثَالُ الْأَوَّلِ قَوْلُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ : وَقَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ تَقَدَّمُوا وَأَحْبِبْ إِلَيْنَا أَنْ تَكُونَ الْمُقَدَّمَا

The subject of the 'Af'il' form must be in the genitive case with the added 'ba' unless the subject is a clause interpreted from 'an' followed by an imperfect verb, or from the emphatic 'anna' with its noun and predicate. An example of the former is the statement by Ali ibn Abi Talib: 'The Commander of the Faithful said: Advance, and how beloved it is to us that you should be the one who leads.'

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Vocabulary · المفردات (34 verbs · 46 nouns)

• حَسُنَ — to be good
• أَوْرَقَ — to leaf
• أَزْهَرَ — to bloom
• تَعَجُّب — wonder
• ضَمِير — pronoun
• أَصْل — origin