Sharh Qatr an-Nada by Ibn Hisham (شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى) — Page 320

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

خَلَقَهَا لَكُمْ لِلتَّناسُبِ ، وَنَحْوُ : ﴿ أَبَشَرًا مِنَّا وَاحِدًا نَتَّبِعُهُ ﴾ وَ « زَيْدًا رَأَيْتُهُ » لِغَلَبَةِ الْفِعْلِ ، وَيَجِبُ فِي نَحْوِ : « إِنْ زَيْدًا لَقِيتَهُ فَأَكْرِمْهُ » وَ « زَيْدًا أَكْرَمْتُهُ » ، لِوُجُوبِهِ ، وَيَجِبُ الرَّفْعُ فِي نَحْوِ : « خَرَجْتُ فَإِذَا زَيْدٌ يَضْرِبُهُ » وَ « هَلَّا عَمْرٌو » لِامْتِنَاعِهِ ، وَيَسْتَوِيَانِ فِي نَحْوِ : « زَيْدٌ قَامَ أَبُوهُ وَعَمْرٌو أَكْرَمْتُهُ » لِلتَّكَافُؤِ ، وَلَيْسَ مِنْهُ ﴿ وَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ فَعَلُوهُ فِي الزُّبُرِ ﴾ وَ « أَزَيْدٌ ذُهِبَ بِهِ

He created it for you for harmony. Examples such as "Shall we follow a single human being from among us?" and "Zayd, I saw him" favor the verb. The accusative is mandatory in cases like "If you meet Zayd, honor him" and "Zayd, I honored him" because the verb is required. The nominative is mandatory in cases like "I went out and suddenly Zayd was hitting him" and "Why not Amr?" because the verb is prohibited. Both are equal in cases like "Zayd, his father stood up, and Amr, I honored him" due to equivalence. This does not include "Everything they did is in the scriptures" or "Is it Zayd who was taken away?"

ش - ضَابِطُ هَذَا الْبَابِ : أَنْ يَتَقَدَّمَ اسْمٌ ، وَيَتَأَخَّرَ عَنْهُ فِعْلٌ عَامِلٌ فِي ضَمِيرِهِ ، وَيَكُونُ ذَلِكَ الْفِعْلُ بِحَيْثُ لَوْ فُرِّغَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْمَعْمُولِ وَسُلِّطَ عَلَى الِاسْمِ الْأَوَّلِ لَنَصَبَهُ

Explanation: The rule for this chapter is that a noun precedes a verb that governs a pronoun referring back to it. The verb must be such that if it were stripped of that object and directed toward the initial noun, it would place it in the accusative.

مِثَالُ ذَلِكَ « زَيْدًا ضَرَبْتُهُ » أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّكَ لَوْ حَذَفْتَ الْهَاءَ وَسَلَّطْتَ « ضَرَبْتُ » عَلَى « زَيْدٍ » لَقُلْتَ : « زَيْدًا ضَرَبْتُ » وَيَكُونُ زَيْدًا مَفْعُولًا مُقَدَّمًا ، وَهَذَا مِثَالُ مَا اشْتَغَلَ فِيهِ الْفِعْلُ بِضَمِيرِ الِاسْمِ ، وَمِثَالُهُ أَيْضًا « زَيْدًا مَرَرْتُ بِهِ » فَإِنَّ الضَّمِيرَ وَإِنْ كَانَ مَجْرُورًا بِالْبَاءِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ فِي مَوْضِعِ نَصْبٍ بِالْفِعْلِ

An example is "Zayd, I hit him." If you remove the pronoun and direct "hit" toward "Zayd," you would say "Zayd, I hit," making Zayd a fronted object. This illustrates a verb occupied with the noun's pronoun. Another example is "Zayd, I passed by him," where the pronoun, despite being in the genitive case due to the preposition, occupies an accusative position governed by the verb.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (25 verbs · 42 nouns)

• خَلَقَ — to create
• تَبِعَ — to follow
• رَأَى — to see
• تَنَاسُبٌ — proportion
• نَحْوٌ — example
• بَشَرٌ — human