Sharh Qatr an-Nada by Ibn Hisham (شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى) — Page 191

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

النَّكِرَةُ وَالْمَعْرِفَةُ : الاِسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ أَوْ مَخْفُوضًا بِالْحَرْفِ ، نَحْوَ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ﴿ يَأْكُلُ مِمَّا تَأْكُلُونَ مِنْهُ وَيَشْرَبُ مِمَّا تَشْرَبُونَ ﴾ أَيْ : مِنْهُ ، وَقَوْلِ الشَّاعِرِ : نُصَلِّي لِلَّذِي صَلَّتْ قُرَيْشٌ وَنَعْبُدُهُ وَإِنْ جَحَدَ الْعُمُومُ

Indefinite and Definite: The relative noun, or when it is in the genitive case governed by a preposition, as in the Almighty’s saying: 'He eats from what you eat from, and drinks from what you drink from,' meaning 'from it.' Consider also the poet’s line: 'We pray to the One to whom Quraish prayed, and we worship Him, even if the masses deny it.'

السُّكُونُ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ ، لَمْ حَرْفُ نَفْيٍ وَجَزْمٍ وَقَلْبٍ ، تَزَوَّدْ فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ مَجْزُومٌ بِلَمْ ، وَعَلَامَةُ جَزْمِهِ السُّكُونُ ، وَحُرِّكَ بِالْكَسْرِ لِأَجْلِ الرَّوِيِّ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوبًا تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ وَالْفَاعِلِ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا مِنَ الْإِعْرَابِ صِلَةُ الْمَوْصُولِ الَّذِي هُوَ مَنْ ، وَالْعَائِدُ إِلَى الْمَوْصُولِ ضَمِيرٌ مَنْصُوبُ الْمَحَلِّ بِتَزَوَّدْ مَحْذُوفٌ ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ : مَنْ لَمْ تَزَوَّدْهُ

The sukun is in the nominative position. 'Lam' is a particle of negation, jussive, and inversion. 'Tazawwad' is a present-tense verb made jussive by 'lam,' with the sukun as its sign, though it is vocalized with a kasra to satisfy the rhyme. Its subject is an obligatory hidden pronoun, understood as 'you.' The verb-subject clause has no grammatical function; it is the relative clause for 'man.' The referent to the relative pronoun is an omitted pronoun in the accusative position governed by 'tazawwad,' understood as 'man lam tazawwadhu'.

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ : قَوْلُهُ مَا كُنْتُ جَاهِلًا حَيْثُ حُذِفَ الْعَائِدُ إِلَى الِاسْمِ الْمَوْصُولِ الَّذِي هُوَ مَا ، وَهَذَا الْعَائِدُ مَجْرُورٌ بِالْإِضَافَةِ ، وَالْمُضَافُ هُوَ قَوْلُهُ : جَاهِلًا ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ : الَّذِي كُنْتُ جَاهِلَهُ

The evidence here is the phrase 'ma kuntu jahilan,' where the referent to the relative pronoun 'ma' is omitted. This referent is in the genitive case by annexation, with the annexed noun being 'jahilan,' making the implied meaning 'alladhi kuntu jahilahu'.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (13 verbs · 51 nouns)

• أَكَلَ — to eat
• شَرِبَ — to drink
• صَلَّى — to pray
• نَكِرَة — indefinite
• مَعْرِفَة — definite noun
• اِسْم — noun